Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Catherine K. Ettman,Catherine K. Ettman,Salma M Abdalla,Gregory H. Cohen,Gregory H. Cohen,Laura Sampson,Patrick M. Vivier,Sandro Galea +7 more
- Vol. 3, Iss: 9
TLDR
There is a high burden of depression symptoms in the US associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and that this burden falls disproportionately on individuals who are already at increased risk.Abstract:
Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. Objective To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. Exposures The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, ≥20). Results A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during–COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre–COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post–COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations.read more
Citations
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'Distant socializing,' not 'social distancing' as a public health strategy for COVID-19.
Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal,Sophie R. Vaccarino,Vijay Kumar Chattu,Nevin F W Zaki,Ahmed S. BaHammam,Dilshad Manzar,Georges J.M. Maestroni,Deborah Suchecki,Adam Moscovitch,Ferdinand Zizi,Girardin Jean-Louis,Meera Narasimhan,Chellamuthu Ramasubramanian,Ilya Trakht,Mary V. Seeman,John M. Shneerson,Michael Maes,Russel J. Reiter,Sidney H. Kennedy,Sidney H. Kennedy +19 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest the term "distant socializing" as more apt expression, to promote physical distancing measures while also highlighting the importance of maintaining social bonds.
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Social Determinants of Health and Depression among African American Adults: A Scoping Review of Current Research
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TL;DR: Research is recommended that comprehensively examines mental health risk and protective factors over the life course within, not just between, populations to inform tailored health promotion and public policy interventions for improving SDOH and reducing racial and ethnic health disparities.
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TL;DR: This study is among the first to demonstrate the way in which the pandemic and measures used to restrict the spread of the virus have contributed to occupational disruption, shedding new light on factors that influence potential vulnerability or resilience to the effects of occupational disruption.
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