Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Catherine K. Ettman,Catherine K. Ettman,Salma M Abdalla,Gregory H. Cohen,Gregory H. Cohen,Laura Sampson,Patrick M. Vivier,Sandro Galea +7 more
- Vol. 3, Iss: 9
TLDR
There is a high burden of depression symptoms in the US associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and that this burden falls disproportionately on individuals who are already at increased risk.Abstract:
Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. Objective To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. Exposures The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, ≥20). Results A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during–COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre–COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post–COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations.read more
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The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018).
Paul E. Greenberg,Andrée-Anne Fournier,Tammy Sisitsky,Mark Simes,Richard Berman,Sarah H. Koenigsberg,Ronald C. Kessler +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a framework for evaluating the incremental economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) in the USA that combined original and literature-based estimates, focusing on key changes between 2010 and 2018.
Journal ArticleDOI
The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Jiawen Deng,Fangwen Zhou,Wenteng Hou,Zachary Silver,Chi Yi Wong,Oswin Chang,Anastasia Drakos,Qi Kang Zuo,Emma Huang +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic search of English and Chinese databases was conducted to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults: Rapid Review.
Audrey Lebrasseur,Noémie Fortin-Bédard,Josiane Lettre,Émilie Raymond,Eve-Line Bussières,Nolwenn Lapierre,Julie Faieta,Claude Vincent,Louise Duchesne,Marie-Christine Ouellet,Éric Gagnon,André Tourigny,Marie Ève Lamontagne,François Routhier +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid review of the published literature was conducted on October 6, 2020, through a search of 6 online databases to synthesize results from published original studies regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
Onset and frequency of depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review.
Olivier Renaud-Charest,Leanna M.W. Lui,Sherry Eskander,Felicia Ceban,Roger C.M. Ho,Joshua D. Di Vincenzo,Joshua D. Rosenblat,Yena Lee,Mehala Subramaniapillai,Roger S. McIntyre +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the frequency and factors associated with depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome were recorded and qualitatively assessed through narrative synthesis using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
Journal ArticleDOI
COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the UK Household Longitudinal Study and compared pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019) and during COVID-2019 pandemic data (April 2020) for the same group of individuals to assess and quantify changes in mental health as measured by changes in the GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), among ethnic groups in the UK.
References
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