Journal ArticleDOI
Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes—a review
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In this article, the authors summarized the current knowledge on the different pools and fluxes of Si in soils and terrestrial biogeosystems, including the contribution of the biogenic sources to Si redistribution within soil profiles and desilication.Abstract:
Silicon (Si) is the second-most abundant element in the earth's crust. In the pedosphere, however, huge spans of Si contents occur mainly caused by Si redistribution in soil profiles and landscapes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the different pools and fluxes of Si in soils and terrestrial biogeosystems. Weathering and subsequent release of soluble Si may lead to (1) secondarily bound Si in newly formed Al silicates, (2) amorphous silica precipitation on surfaces of other minerals, (3) plant uptake, formation of phytogenic Si, and subsequent retranslocation to soils, (4) translocation within soil profiles and formation of new horizons, or (5) translocation out of soils (desilication). The research carried out hitherto focused on the participation of Si in weathering processes, especially in clay neoformation, buffering mechanisms for acids in soils or chemical denudation of landscapes. There are, however, only few investigations on the characteristics and controls of the low-crystalline, almost pure silica compounds formed during pedogenesis. Further, there is strong demand to improve the knowledge of (micro)biological and rhizosphere processes contributing to Si mobilization, plant uptake, and formation of phytogenic Si in plants, and release due to microbial decomposition. The contribution of the biogenic Si sources to Si redistribution within soil profiles and desilication remains unknown concerning the pools, rates, processes, and driving forces. Comprehensive studies considering soil hydrological, chemical, and biological processes as well as their interactions at the scale of pedons and landscapes are necessary to make up and model the Si balance and to couple terrestrial processes with Si cycle of limnic, fluvial, or marine biogeosystems.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Biogeochemistry of paddy soils
Ingrid Kögel-Knabner,Wulf Amelung,Zhihong Cao,Sabine Fiedler,Peter Frenzel,Reinhold Jahn,Karsten Kalbitz,Angelika Kölbl,Michael Schloter +8 more
TL;DR: In paddy soils, the management-induced, microbially mediated redox processes control the dynamics of soil minerals and soil organic matter, which are strongly related to the microbial accessibility of C and N, but also of Fe as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review
Muhammad Adrees,Shafaqat Ali,Muhammad Rizwan,Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,Muhammad Ibrahim,Farhat Abbas,Mujahid Farid,Muhammad Farooq Qayyum,Muhammad Irshad +8 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms through which Si can alleviate heavy metal toxicity in plants are reviewed and the key mechanisms evoked include reducing active heavy metal ions in growth media, reduced metal uptake and root-to-shoot translocation, chelation and stimulation of antioxidant systems in plants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Silica in Plants: Biological, Biochemical and Chemical Studies
TL;DR: The uptake, storage and function of Si is described, and the role biomolecules play when incorporated into model systems of silica polymerization is discussed, as well as future directions for research in this field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physiological functions of beneficial elements.
TL;DR: The beneficial effects of low doses of Al, Co, Na, sodium, selenium, Se and Se have received little attention compared to toxic effects that typically occur at higher concentrations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Benefits of plant silicon for crops: a review
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent advances on the mechanisms of Si accumulation in plants and its behavior in soil is presented, focusing on the ten most important crops are considered to be Si accumulators with concentration of Si above 1% dry weight.
References
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Book
The Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants
M. H. Martin,H. Marschner +1 more
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests, and the Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition.
Book
Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases and pests, and diagnose deficiency and toxicity of mineral nutrients in leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.
World Reference Base for Soil Resources
TL;DR: The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) as mentioned in this paper is a reference base for soil resources developed by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) for soil correlation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The composition of the continental crust
TL;DR: In this paper, a new calculation of the crustal composition is based on the proportions of upper crust (UC) to felsic lower crust (FLC) to mafic lower-crust (MLC) of about 1.6:0.4.
Book
The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica
TL;DR: Weber and van Olphen as discussed by the authors provide valuable guidance in research and design efforts by giving a clear understanding of principles and concepts of colloid chemistry as applied to clay systems, including surface characterization and adsorption mechanisms; recent results in the area of clay-organic interaction-the intercalation and intersalation of kaolinite minerals; and increased attention to the possible role of clays in biological evolution.