Southern Hemisphere Biogeography Inferred by Event-Based Models: Plant versus Animal Patterns
TLDR
The results confirm the hybrid origin of the South American biota: there has been surprisingly little biotic exchange between the northern tropical and the southern temperate regions of South America, especially for animals.Abstract:
The Southern Hemisphere has traditionally been considered as having a fundamentally vicariant history. The common trans-Pacific disjunctions are usually explained by the sequential breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana during the last 165 million years, causing successive division of an ancestral biota. However, recent biogeographic studies, based on molecular estimates and more accurate paleogeographic reconstructions, indicate that dispersal may have been more important than traditionally assumed. We examined the relative roles played by vicariance and dispersal in shaping Southern Hemisphere biotas by analyzing a large data set of 54 animal and 19 plant phylogenies, including marsupials, ratites, and southern beeches (1,393 terminals). Parsimony-based tree fitting in conjunction with permutation tests was used to examine to what extent Southern Hemisphere biogeographic patterns fit the breakup sequence of Gondwana and to identify concordant dispersal patterns. Consistent with other studies, the animal data are congruent with the geological sequence of Gondwana breakup: (Africa(New Zealand(southern South America, Australia))). Trans-Antarctic dispersal (Australia southern South America) is also significantly more frequent than any other dispersal event in animals, which may be explained by the long period of geological contact between Australia and South America via Antarctica. In contrast, the dominant pattern in plants, (southern South America(Australia, New Zealand)), is better explained by dispersal, particularly the prevalence of trans-Tasman dispersal between New Zealand and Australia. Our results also confirm the hybrid origin of the South American biota: there has been surprisingly little biotic exchange between the northern tropical and the southern temperate regions of South America, especially for animals.read more
Citations
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Mid-Tertiary dispersal, not Gondwanan vicariance explains distribution patterns in the wax palm subfamily (Ceroxyloideae: Arecaceae).
Philipp Trénel,Mats G. Gustafsson,William J. Baker,Conny B. Asmussen-Lange,John Dransfield,Finn Borchsenius +5 more
TL;DR: Data do not support Pleistocene climatic changes as drivers for speciation in the Andean-centered Phytelepheae as previously proposed, and Divergence time estimates based on penalized likelihood and Bayesian dating methods indicate that Gondwanan vicariance is highly unlikely as an explanation for basic disjunctions in tribe Ceroxyleae.
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Origin and evolution of the northern hemisphere disjunction in the moss genus Homalothecium (Brachytheciaceae).
TL;DR: The calibrated phylogeny indicates that Homalothecium has undergone a fast radiation during the last 4 Myr, which is consistent with the low levels of morphological divergence among sibling species, and suggests that species distributions result from rare instances of dispersal and subsequent sympatric diversification.
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Global biogeography of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae): evidence for Gondwanan vicariance and limited transoceanic dispersal
Petra Korall,Kathleen M. Pryer +1 more
TL;DR: The evolutionary history of Cyatheaceae involves both Gondwanan vicariance scenarios as well as long-distance dispersal events and it is suggested that a causal relationship between reproductive mode (outcrossing) and dispersal limitations is the most plausible explanation for the pattern observed.
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DNA barcode data confirm new species and reveal cryptic diversity in Chilean Smicridea (Smicridea) (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae)
TL;DR: The DNA barcode data proved useful in delimiting species within Chilean Smicridea (Smic Ridea) and were suitable for life-stage associations, and contained sufficient intraspecific variation to make the DNA bar code a candidate locus for widespread application in phylogeographic studies.
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Marine dispersal as a pre‐requisite for Gondwanan vicariance among elements of the galaxiid fish fauna
TL;DR: Gondwanan vicariance appears to have been preceded by marine dispersal in the few instances where it may explain contemporary galaxiiddistribution, such that these biogeographic mechanisms may sometimes have asynergistic relationship.
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