Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species : 1. Occurence and efficiency of the G-layer
TLDR
Wood samples were taken from the upper and lower sides of 21 naturally tilted trees from 18 families of angiosperms in the tropical rain forest in French Guyana and showed that the G-layer is not a key factor in the production of high tensile stressed wood.Abstract:
SUMMARY Wood samples were taken from the upper and lower sides of 21 naturally tilted trees from 18 families of angiosperms in the tropical rain forest in French Guyana. The measurement of growth stresses ensured that the two samples were taken from wood tissues in a different mechanical state: highly tensile stressed wood on the upper side, called tension wood, and lower tensile stressed wood on the lower side, called opposite wood. Eight species had tension wood fibres with a distinct gelatinous layer (G-layer). The distribution of gelatinous fibres varied from species to species. One of the species, Casearia javitensis (Flacourtiaceae), showed a peculiar multilayered secondary wall in its reaction wood. Comparison between the stress level and the occurrence of the G-layer indicates that the G-layer is not a key factor in the production of high tensile stressed wood.read more
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Origami-like unfolding of hydro-actuated ice plant seed capsules
Matthew J. Harrington,Khashayar Razghandi,Friedrich Ditsch,Luigi Guiducci,Markus Rueggeberg,John W. C. Dunlop,Peter Fratzl,Christoph Neinhuis,Ingo Burgert +8 more
TL;DR: This work investigates the structural and compositional basis of a sophisticated plant movement mechanism--the hydration-dependent unfolding of ice plant seed capsules--the reversible origami-like folding pattern proceeds via a cooperative flexing-and-packing mechanism actuated by a swellable cellulose layer filling specialized plant cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mesoporosity as a new parameter for understanding tension stress generation in trees
Shan-Shan Chang,Shan-Shan Chang,Bruno Clair,Julien Ruelle,Jacques Beauchêne,Francesco Di Renzo,Françoise Quignard,Guang-Jie Zhao,Hiroyuki Yamamoto,Joseph Gril +9 more
TL;DR: Measurements show that mesoporosity is high in tension wood with a typical thick G-layer while it is much less with a thinner G- layer, sometimes no more than normal wood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Xyloglucan Endo-transglycosylase (XET) Functions in Gelatinous Layers of Tension Wood Fibers in Poplar—A Glimpse into the Mechanism of the Balancing Act of Trees
Nobuyuki Nishikubo,Tatsuya Awano,Alicja Banasiak,Veronica Bourquin,Farid M. Ibatullin,Ryo Funada,Harry Brumer,Tuula T. Teeri,Takahisa Hayashi,Björn Sundberg,Ewa J. Mellerowicz +10 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that XET activity is essential for G-fiber shrinking by repairing xyloglucan cross-links between G- and S(2)-layers and thus maintaining their contact.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wood formation in Angiosperms.
Annabelle Déjardin,Françoise Laurans,Dominique Arnaud,Christian Breton,Gilles Pilate,Jean-Charles Leplé +5 more
TL;DR: This review will focus on two different aspects, the lignification process and the control of microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres, as they are both key features of wood material properties.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanics without Muscle: Biomechanical Inspiration from the Plant World
Patrick T. Martone,Michael L. Boller,Ingo Burgert,Jacques Dumais,Joan Edwards,Katharine J. Mach,Nick P. Rowe,Markus Rueggeberg,Robin Seidel,Thomas Speck +9 more
TL;DR: Recent studies of plant biomechanics highlighting several current research themes in the field are summarized, including expulsion of high-speed reproductive projectiles, generation of slow movements by shrinking and swelling cell walls, effects of ontogenetic shifts in mechanical properties of stems, flexible reconfiguration and material properties of seaweeds under crashing waves, and the development of botanically-inspired commercial products.
References
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Les bois de réaction : relations entre la déformation longitudinales de maturation et les principales caractéristiques physico-mécaniques, anatomiques et chimiques
TL;DR: In particular, les valeurs extremes de deformation sont associees a la presence of bois de reaction as mentioned in this paper, which permet de qualifier de maniere quantitative les bois.