Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection
TLDR
This review aims to collect pertinent information available to date on TTX and its analogues with a special emphasis on the structure, aetiology, distribution, effects and the analytical methods employed for its detection.Abstract:
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin that has been responsible for human intoxications and fatalities. Its usual route of toxicity is via the ingestion of contaminated puffer fish which are a culinary delicacy, especially in Japan. TTX was believed to be confined to regions of South East Asia, but recent studies have demonstrated that the toxin has spread to regions in the Pacific and the Mediterranean. There is no known antidote to TTX which is a powerful sodium channel inhibitor. This review aims to collect pertinent information available to date on TTX and its analogues with a special emphasis on the structure, aetiology, distribution, effects and the analytical methods employed for its detection.read more
Citations
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Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms
TL;DR: The described protective symbioses between animals and bacteria, fungi, and dinoflagellates are reviewed to derive general patterns on the chemistry, ecology, and evolution of such associations.
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Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood--European database on contaminant levels.
Griet Vandermeersch,Helena Lourenço,Diana Álvarez-Muñoz,Sara C. Cunha,Jorge Diogène,German Cano-Sancho,Jens Jørgen Sloth,Christiaan Kwadijk,Damià Barceló,Wim Allegaert,Karen Bekaert,José O. Fernandes,António Marques,Johan Robbens +13 more
TL;DR: A selection of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood including toxic elements, endocrine disruptors, brominated flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, microplastics and marine toxins are reviewed.
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Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses.
TL;DR: This neurotoxin has spread to the Pacific and Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature waters worldwide, and could be used in the medical field as an analgesic to treat some cancer pains.
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Marine-Derived Pharmaceuticals ? Challenges and Opportunities
TL;DR: Challenges in drug development from marine sources, especially the supply problem are described, as well as some other products are of interest in diagnostic and as experimental tools.
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First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Greek Shellfish by UPLC-MS/MS Potentially Linked to the Presence of the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum.
Aristidis Vlamis,Panagiota Katikou,Inés Rodríguez,Verónica Rey,Amparo Alfonso,Angelos Papazachariou,Thetis Zacharaki,Ana M. Botana,Luis M. Botana +8 more
TL;DR: Confirmed presence of TTX, a very heat-stable toxin, in filter-feeding mollusks of the Mediterranean Sea, even at lower levels to those inducing symptomatology to humans, indicates that this emerging risk should be seriously taken into account by the EU to protect the health of shellfish consumers.
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