Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication
Tamao Noguchi,Osamu Arakawa +1 more
TLDR
TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance, and it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food.Abstract:
Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. In 1964, the toxin of the California newt was identified as TTX as well, and since then TTX has been detected in a variety of other organisms. TTX is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate TTX via the food chain that begins with these bacteria. Consequently, pufferfish become non-toxic when they are fed TTX-free diets in an environment in which the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms is completely shut off. Although some researchers claim that the TTX of amphibians is endogenous, we believe that it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food. TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance. There have been many cases of human intoxication due to the ingestion of TTX-bearing pufferfish, mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwan, and several victims have died. Several cases of TTX intoxication due to the ingestion of small gastropods, including some lethal cases, were recently reported in China and Taiwan, revealing a serious public health issue.read more
Citations
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Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection
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Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments
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Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses.
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Intake and transformation to a glycoside of (Z)-3-hexenol from infested neighbors reveals a mode of plant odor reception and defense
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References
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Tarichatoxin--tetrodotoxin: a potent neurotoxin.
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Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP
V. Monica Bricelj,Laurie B. Connell,Keiichi Konoki,Scott P. MacQuarrie,Todd Scheuer,William A. Catterall,Vera L. Trainer +6 more
TL;DR: A molecular basis for inter-population variation in PSP resistance within a species is identified, consistent with genetic adaptation to PSTs, which might act as potent natural selection agents, leading to greater toxin resistance in clam populations and increased risk of PSP in humans.
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Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin in Vibrio sp. isolated from the intestines of a xanthid crab, Atergatis floridus.
Tamao Noguchi,Joong-Kyun Jeon,Osamu Arakawa,Haruo Sugita,Yoshisaki Deguchi,Yasuo Shida,Kanehisa Hashimoto +6 more
TL;DR: Results showed the production of TTX and anhydroTTX in the Vibrio sp.
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The structure of tetrodotoxin
TL;DR: Tsuda and Kawamura as discussed by the authors isolated tetrodotoxin from the liver and ovaries of the tiger puffer (S. porphyreus) and achieved its isolation in a pure state.
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Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator–prey interaction
TL;DR: Novel changes in the molecular structure of a sodium channel expressed in snake skeletal muscle, tsNaV1.4, are identified that are responsible for differences in tetrodotoxin resistance among garter snake populations coevolving with toxic newts.