Journal ArticleDOI
The Determination of the Elastic Field of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion, and Related Problems
TLDR
In this paper, it is shown that to answer several questions of physical or engineering interest, it is necessary to know only the relatively simple elastic field inside the ellipsoid.Abstract:
It is supposed that a region within an isotropic elastic solid undergoes a spontaneous change of form which, if the surrounding material were absent, would be some prescribed homogeneous deformation. Because of the presence of the surrounding material stresses will be present both inside and outside the region. The resulting elastic field may be found very simply with the help of a sequence of imaginary cutting, straining and welding operations. In particular, if the region is an ellipsoid the strain inside it is uniform and may be expressed in terms of tabulated elliptic integrals. In this case a further problem may be solved. An ellipsoidal region in an infinite medium has elastic constants different from those of the rest of the material; how does the presence of this inhomogeneity disturb an applied stress-field uniform at large distances? It is shown that to answer several questions of physical or engineering interest it is necessary to know only the relatively simple elastic field inside the ellipsoid.read more
Citations
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A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentration by Notches and Cracks
TL;DR: In this paper, an integral is exhibited which has the same value for all paths surrounding a class of notches in two-dimensional deformation fields of linear or non-linear elastic materials.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites
Robert J. Moon,Robert J. Moon,Ashlie Martini,John A. Nairn,John Simonsen,Jeffrey P. Youngblood +5 more
TL;DR: This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them, and summarizes cellulOSE nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties.
Journal ArticleDOI
Revival of the Magnetoelectric Effect
Abstract: Recent research activities on the linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect?induction of magnetization by an electric field or of polarization by a magnetic field?are reviewed. Beginning with a brief summary of the history of the ME effect since its prediction in 1894, the paper focuses on the present revival of the effect. Two major sources for 'large' ME effects are identified. (i) In composite materials the ME effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric compound. A linear ME polarization is induced by a weak ac magnetic field oscillating in the presence of a strong dc bias field. The ME effect is large if the ME coefficient coupling the magnetic and electric fields is large. Experiments on sintered granular composites and on laminated layers of the constituents as well as theories on the interaction between the constituents are described. In the vicinity of electromechanical resonances a ME voltage coefficient of up to 90?V?cm?1?Oe?1 is achieved, which exceeds the ME response of single-phase compounds by 3?5 orders of magnitude. Microwave devices, sensors, transducers and heterogeneous read/write devices are among the suggested technical implementations of the composite ME effect. (ii) In multiferroics the internal magnetic and/or electric fields are enhanced by the presence of multiple long-range ordering. The ME effect is strong enough to trigger magnetic or electrical phase transitions. ME effects in multiferroics are thus 'large' if the corresponding contribution to the free energy is large. Clamped ME switching of electrical and magnetic domains, ferroelectric reorientation induced by applied magnetic fields and induction of ferromagnetic ordering in applied electric fields were observed. Mechanisms favouring multiferroicity are summarized, and multiferroics in reduced dimensions are discussed. In addition to composites and multiferroics, novel and exotic manifestations of ME behaviour are investigated. This includes (i) optical second harmonic generation as a tool to study magnetic, electrical and ME properties in one setup and with access to domain structures; (ii) ME effects in colossal magnetoresistive manganites, superconductors and phosphates of the LiMPO4 type; (iii) the concept of the toroidal moment as manifestation of a ME dipole moment; (iv) pronounced ME effects in photonic crystals with a possibility of electromagnetic unidirectionality. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook to the future development of magnetoelectrics research.
Book
The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
TL;DR: The connection between faults and the seismicity generated is governed by the rate and state dependent friction laws -producing distinctive seismic styles of faulting and a gamut of earthquake phenomena including aftershocks, afterslip, earthquake triggering, and slow slip events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys
Kazuhiro Otsuka,Xiaobing Ren +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a selfconsistent and logical account of key issues on Ti-Ni-based alloys from physical metallurgy viewpoint on an up-to-date basis is presented.
References
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Book
Theory of elasticity
TL;DR: The theory of the slipline field is used in this article to solve the problem of stable and non-stressed problems in plane strains in a plane-strain scenario.
Journal ArticleDOI
The motion of ellipsoidal particles immersed in a viscous fluid
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the case of particles of ellipsoidal shape, and showed that the condition for the validity of this approximation is that the product of the velocity of the ellipssoid by its linear dimensions shall be small compared with the "kinematic coefficient, of viscosity" of the fluid.
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Demagnetizing Factors of the General Ellipsoid
TL;DR: In this paper, the demagnetizing factors of ellipsoids of three different axes are presented, along with supplementary formulas which cover a large number of special cases of ellipses.
Journal ArticleDOI
The force on an elastic singularity
TL;DR: In this paper, a general theory of the forces on singularities in a Hookean elastic continuum is developed, where the singularity is taken to be any state of internal stress satisfying the equilibrium equations but not the compatibility conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Elastic Constants of a Solid containing Spherical Holes
TL;DR: In this article, a self-consistent method for the estimation of the shear modulus and the bulk modulus is proposed, where each hole is surrounded by a spherical shell of real material, and the reaction of the rest of the material is estimated by replacing it by equivalent homogeneous material.