The developmental origins of adipose tissue
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TLDR
This Review highlights recent efforts to unveil adipose developmental cues, adipose stem cell biology and the regulators of adipose tissue homeostasis and dynamism.Abstract:
Adipose tissue is formed at stereotypic times and locations in a diverse array of organisms. Once formed, the tissue is dynamic, responding to homeostatic and external cues and capable of a 15-fold expansion. The formation and maintenance of adipose tissue is essential to many biological processes and when perturbed leads to significant diseases. Despite this basic and clinical significance, understanding of the developmental biology of adipose tissue has languished. In this Review, we highlight recent efforts to unveil adipose developmental cues, adipose stem cell biology and the regulators of adipose tissue homeostasis and dynamism.read more
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TL;DR: This review is specifically focused on the contribution of macrophages that reside in adipose tissue in lean and obese conditions and how these changes affect adipOSE tissue inflammation and may be targeted for therapeutic interventions to improve insulin sensitivity in obese individuals.
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Adipocytes arise from multiple lineages that are heterogeneously and dynamically distributed.
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Myofibroblasts in murine cutaneous fibrosis originate from adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors.
Roberta Goncalves Marangoni,Benjamin D. Korman,Jun Wei,Tammara A. Wood,Lauren V. Graham,Michael L. Whitfield,Philipp E. Scherer,Warren G. Tourtellotte,John Varga +8 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis that myofibroblasts populating fibrotic dermis derive from adipocytic progenitors is examined to examine the hypothesis that loss of intradermal adipose tissue is a consistent feature of cutaneous fibrosis.
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Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
Barbara Cannon,Jan Nedergaard +1 more
TL;DR: The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
AM Cypess,Sanaz Lehman,Gethin Williams,Ilan Tal,Dean Rodman,Allison B. Goldfine,FC Kuo,Edwin L. Palmer,Yu-Hua Tseng,Alessandro Doria,Gerald M. Kolodny,C R Kahn +11 more
TL;DR: Defined regions of functionally active brown adipose tissue are present in adult humans, are more frequent in women than in men, and may be quantified noninvasively with the use of (18)F-FDG PET-CT.
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Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human
Jun Wu,Pontus Boström,Lauren M. Sparks,Li Ye,Jang Hyun Choi,An Hoa Giang,Melin J. Khandekar,Kirsi A. Virtanen,Pirjo Nuutila,Gert Schaart,Kexin Huang,Hua Tu,Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt,Joris Hoeks,Sven Enerbäck,Patrick Schrauwen,Bruce M. Spiegelman +16 more
TL;DR: Beige cells have a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown fat and are preferentially sensitive to the polypeptide hormone irisin, providing evidence that previously identified brown fat deposits in adult humans are composed of beige adipocytes.
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Obesity and the Regulation of Energy Balance
TL;DR: The last 5 years of the millennium have witnessed a dramatic increase in understanding of the biology of regulated energy balance and body weight, and insights from the sequencing of the human genome and the coming advances in proteomics are likely to fuel the next wave of progress.
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Understanding Adipocyte Differentiation
TL;DR: Characterization of regulatory regions of adipose-specific genes has led to the identification of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), which play a key role in the complex transcriptional cascade during adipocyte differentiation.