Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication.
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TLDR
Two other adverse events have been identified more recently: long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage.Abstract:
As the global eradication of wild poliovirus nears, the World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing challenges unprecedented in public health. The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), used for more than four decades to interrupt poliovirus transmission, and the vaccine of choice for developing countries, is genetically unstable. Reversion of the small number of substitutions conferring the attenuated phenotype frequently occurs during OPV replication in humans and is the underlying cause of the rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in OPV recipients and their close contacts. Whereas VAPP has long been recognized, two other adverse events have been identified more recently: (a) long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and (b) polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage. Developing a posteradication strategy to minimize the risks of VDPV emergence and spread has become an urgent WHO priority.read more
Citations
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Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias.
J. Robert Coleman,Dimitris Papamichail,Steven Skiena,Bruce Futcher,Eckard Wimmer,Steffen Mueller +5 more
TL;DR: De novo large DNA molecules are synthesized using hundreds of over-or underrepresented synonymous codon pairs to encode the poliovirus capsid protein and polioviruses containing such amino acid–independent changes were attenuated in mice.
Journal ArticleDOI
From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed
Neal Nathanson,Olen M. Kew +1 more
TL;DR: Current challenges to the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis include the continued transmission of wild polioviruses in endemic reservoirs, reinfection of polio-free areas, outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived poliovIRuses, and persistent excretion of vaccine- derived poliovirus by a few vaccinees with B-cell immunodeficiencies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Viral nucleic acids in live-attenuated vaccines: detection of minority variants and an adventitious virus.
Joseph Victoria,Chunlin Wang,Morris S. Jones,Crystal Jaing,Kevin McLoughlin,Shea N. Gardner,Eric Delwart,Eric Delwart +7 more
TL;DR: Deep sequencing and microarrays can detect attenuated virus sequence changes, minority variants, and adventitious viruses and help maintain the current safety record of live-attenuated viral vaccines.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Humayun Asghar,Ousmane M. Diop,Goitom Weldegebriel,Farzana Malik,Sushmitha A. Shetty,Laila El Bassioni,Adefunke O. Akande,Eman Al Maamoun,Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi,Adekunle J. Adeniji,Cara C. Burns,Jagadish M. Deshpande,M. Steve Oberste,Sara A. Lowther +13 more
TL;DR: The status of environmental surveillance used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is summarized, the rationale for ES is provided, examples of ES methods and findings are given, and how these data are used to achieve poliovirus eradication are summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it.
TL;DR: This Review summarizes recent insights from enterovirus research with a special emphasis on NPEVs, and reflects on how recent discoveries may help in the development of new antiviral strategies.
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