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Therefore, RNA adjuvants have broad applicability and can be used with all conventional vaccines to improve vaccine efficacy qualitatively and quantitively.
Also, unlike DNA‐based vaccines, there is little danger of incorporation of RNA sequences into the host genome.
As new cancer antigens come to the forefront with novel RNA encapsulation and targeting techniques, RNA vaccines may prove to be a vital, safe and robust method to initiate patient-specific anti-tumor efficacy.
Naked, non-infectious, self-replicating RNA may be an excellent candidate for the development of new cancer vaccines.
From this we conclude that sa-RNA is a promising platform for vaccines against viral diseases.
RNA vaccines can be produced in high amounts and have the same major advantages as DNA vaccines but lack the potentially harmful effect of DNA integration into the genome.
Our findings imply that bioavailability of recombinant RNA vaccines in vivo highly depends on the density and the maturation stage of DCs at the administration site and are of importance for the design of RNA-based clinical immunotherapy protocols.
We also identified altered expression of these lncRNAs in RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a cohort of children following immunization with intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine, suggesting a common role across several diverse vaccines.
Our data indicate that our RNA‐based adjuvant is a safe and potent immunostimulator that may profoundly improve the efficacy of a variety of cancer vaccines.