Showing papers on "Cancer published in 1972"
642 citations
TL;DR: Five cases of mastitis characterized by granulomas and abscess formation are presented and this type of lesion appears to represent a well defined entity, granulomatous mastitis, which differs from the various other types ofmastitis previously described.
Abstract: Five cases of mastitis characterized by granulomas and abscess formation are presented Clinically the patients were all suspected of having malignant tumors This type of lesion appears to represent a well defined entity, granulomatous mastitis, which differs from the various other types of mastitis previously described
595 citations
TL;DR: Overall, surgically induced menopause was associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk to about 60% of that experienced by women having naturalMenopause induced before age 35, but induction up to age 50 was protective.
Abstract: Age at menopause and type of menopause from hospital records of breast cancer patients were compared with similar information reported by a national probability sample of women. The national sample comprised 3581 women who responded to the 1960-1962 National Health Examination Survey. The cancer series consisted of 3887 patients selected from those reported to the Connecticut Cancer Registry between 1950 and 1959. No substantial bias was identified when the validity of the comparison and the effect of the relatively large number of breast cancer patients whose menopause histories were deficient were evaluated. Overall surgically induced menopause was associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk to about 60% of that experienced by women having natural menopause induced before age 35 but induction up to age 50 was protective. There was little effect in the 10 years following the surgical procedure but substantial reduction occurred in all subsequent periods. Among women with menopause induced before age 35 breast cancer risk stayed as low as 1/3 that expected 30 and more years later. Relative risk of breast cancer increased with age at natural menopause. Women with natural menopause at age 55 or older had twice the breast cancer risk experienced by those whose menopause occurred before age 45. The relative risk of breast cancer associated with late natural menopause was greatest after age 70.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
475 citations
410 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that earlier recognition of these tumors may lead to more rational therapy and avoidance of unnecessary radical surgery.
Abstract: During a period of 10 years, 51 patients were found to have metastatic cancer in the breast. There were 44 women and seven men. Eighteen patients had carcinoma, 16 had malignant lymphoma, 14 had malignant melanoma, and three had myosarcomas. It is interesting that 16 of the 51 patients had no prior history of malignant disease—the mammary lesion presenting as the first manifestation of an occult extramammary primary. Metastatic cancer should be suspected when a multinodular neoplasm is found in the superficial tissues of the breast. Forty-one patients had a rapidly fulminating course and died of disease. Ten patients are alive, seven with and three without apparent evidence of disease. It is concluded that earlier recognition of these tumors may lead to more rational therapy and avoidance of unnecessary radical surgery.
380 citations
376 citations
Journal Article•
348 citations
TL;DR: With the widespread clinical application of androgenic-anabolic steroids (especially their use by athletes), further study is urged to elucidate the precise relationship between this class of drugs and hepatocellular carcinoma.
340 citations
TL;DR: Raised plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.A.) occur with many but not all malignant tumours, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and bronchus, but it cannot serve yet as a routine screening test for cancer.
Abstract: Our studies have confirmed that raised plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (C.E.A.) occur with many but not all malignant tumours, particularly those of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and bronchus. However, the incidence of raised values may reach 30% in diseases associated with inflammation or regeneration or both. Consequently, it cannot serve yet as a routine screening test for cancer. Effective surgical therapy results in high plasma C.E.A. levels returning to normal. Subsequent rises appear to develop with tumour recurrence or spread. At present the most useful role for C.E.A. seems to be in monitoring patients during the post-therapeutic followup period. Further basic work is required before C.E.A. can become of routine medical value.
287 citations
TL;DR: The plasma CEA levels measured in 346 patients using a new procedure which detects an ion-sensitive antigenic site in the carcinoembryonic molecule appear to be useful in the follow-up of patients with cancer and may eventually be of diagnostic value in the asymptomatic patient.
Abstract: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cancer-specific antigen described by Gold in 1965. It is a glycoprotein present in malignant entodermal tissues, in fetal colonic mucosa, and in the plasma of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers. We have measured plasma CEA levels in 346 patients using a new procedure which detects an ion-sensitive antigenic site in the carcinoembryonic molecule. Levels in 39 of 48 patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer and 90 of 281 with nonentodermally derived malignancies were abnormal. Following successful therapy CEA level returns to normal (colon, four of four; neuroblastoma, three of three). The identity between the antigen measured in the present study and the carcinoembryonic antigen of Gold has not been established. The assay appears to be useful in the follow-up of patients with cancer and may eventually be of diagnostic value in the asymptomatic patient.
TL;DR: The data suggest increased risk in 2 occupation groups not previously suspected: cooks and kitchen workers and clerical workers and cooks and restaurant workers, both of which were previously suspected of having a bladder tumor.
Abstract: Lifetime occupation histories were elicited from 461 persons with transitional or squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower urinary tract, 94% of whom had a bladder tumor. This was a sample of all such persons newly diagnosed in a designated area in eastern Massachusetts during a recent 18-month period. A sample of 485 persons from the population of the entire study area provided comparable histories and serves as a control group. Occupations were classified according to two schemes developed for this study. Among men, excess risk of lower urinary tract cancer was found in 5 of 8 occupation categories where this was suspected a priori: dyestuffs, rubber, leather and leather products, and paint and organic chemicals. Although suspected, excess risk was not confirmed for 3 categories: printing, petroleum, and chemicals other than organic. The relative risks for men ever employed in the rubber industry (1.63) and in the leather industry (2.25) are statistically significant, p < 0.05. In absolute terms, the 5 risk categories account annually for 7.3 cases of lower urinary tract cancer per 100,000 men aged 20–89; this is about 18% of male bladder cancer. Among women, the comparable figures are 0.8 cases and 6% of the disease. None of the associations of bladder cancer with occupation results from any indirect association with cigarette smoking. Although requiring cautious interpretation, the data suggest increased risk in 2 occupation groups not previously suspected: cooks and kitchen workers and clerical workers.
TL;DR: Over a 24-month period, among 419 patients with cancer, zoster occurred in 25% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, 8.7% of other lymphoma patients, but in only 1.2% of Patients with acute ...
Abstract: Over a 24-month period, among 419 patients with cancer, zoster occurred in 25% of patients with Hodgkin's disease, 8.7% of other lymphoma patients, but in only 1.2% of patients with acute ...
TL;DR: In this article, Professor Alexander discusses the role played by onco-foetal antigens in the immune response to infectious disease.
Abstract: In this article, Professor Alexander discusses the role played by onco-foetal antigens.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A woman with some degree of ductular atypia in a benign lesion is subject to a risk of developing breast cancer 5 times that of a woman with no evidence of atypical changes.
Abstract: Atypical breast changes affecting the mammary duct system were associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer according to this retrospective case control study. From 1950-1964 93 patients contracted breast cancer who previously had a breast biopsy classified as benign. Approximately 3 matched controls were chosen for each case and these were women with no subsequent breast cancer after a history of benign breast lesions. A previously developed grading system was used and its value as an aid in recognizing less-advanced changes which qualify as precancerous was proven. Primarily at risk were women with some degree of ductular atypia in a benign lesion; this woman was 5 times more likely to develop breast cancer than a woman with no evidence of atypical breast changes. Of 77 cases and 252 controls 16 (21%) were reclassified as in situ carcinoma in contrast to 9/252 control cases (4%). Associations of higher risk with both younger (< or = 45 years old) age and shorter interval from 1st biopsy (< or = 4 years) with cancer were probably (.005 < P < .01 and .01 < P < .025 respectively) though the number of cases involved in the relative risk computations were too small for any firm conclusions. Overall these findings are reminiscent of the relationship in cervical carcinoma between dysplasia carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma.
TL;DR: In a retrospective review of 912 patients with mammary cancer at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital, 199 patient records contained two or more gross measurements of a neoplastic focus in the breast, a lymph node, the lung, the chest wall, or other sites.
Abstract: In a retrospective review of 912 patients with mammary cancer at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH), 199 patient records contained two or more gross measurements of a neoplastic focus in the breast, a lymph node, the lung, the chest wall, or other sites. The gross rates of growth were calculated from these measurements and correlated with the characteristics of the tumor and the hosts. The rates were independent of the anatomical site of the measured carcinoma, marital status, race, tumor size, frequency of lymph node metastasis at the time of mastectomy, and frequency and site of the postoperative metastasis. Doubling times did correlate directly with the age of the patients, duration of preoperative symptoms, and duration of survival after radical mastectomy. Tumor growth rate can account for some of the clinical characteristics of mammary carcinoma.
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Molecular hybridization has been used to detect within human tumours RNA sequences that are homologous to the RNA of oncogenic viruses known to cause similar tumours in animals.
Abstract: Molecular hybridization has been used to detect within human tumours RNA sequences that are homologous to the RNA of oncogenic viruses known to cause similar tumours in animals.
TL;DR: The geographical distribution of cancer has been studied for so many years that it may well be thought that the subject can have very little more to teach us, but this is believed to be wrong.
Abstract: The geographical distribution of cancer has been studied for so many years that it may well be thought that the subject can have very little more to teach us. That, however, I believe to be wrong. Many parts of the world are still awaiting oncological exploration; and it is only recently that we have been able to obtain any incidence data that are sufficiently precise for quantitative correlations to be made between a particular cancer and the prevalence of a suspected agent. New information is, in fact, still being obtained and some of it may still be capable of giving rise to new hypotheses about the cause of the disease.
TL;DR: At the Boston City Hospital between 1955 and 1965 one fourth of all autopsies involved cancer patients, and 63% of patients with serious clinical errors for diagnosing cancer died from cancer.
Abstract: At the Boston City Hospital between 1955 and 1965 one fourth of all autopsies involved cancer patients Forty percent of these 2,734 patients had serious clinical errors for diagnosing cancer, and 63% of patients with these errors died from cancer Twenty-six percent of all patients reviewed had clinically undiagnosed cancer, and 45% of these neoplasms were fatal Nonmalignant diseases caused death in 24% of all cancer patients reviewed Generally, errors in clinical diagnoses of cancer were most common with the most common cancers Cancer patients were almost a decade older than control patients without cancer
TL;DR: The data indicate that theMembers of some families with familial breast cancer have a relatively high predisposition for cancer of the colon, while the members of other families withilial breast cancer show relatively low predispositions for gastric, ovarian, and endometrial carcinoma.
Abstract: This study documents types of malignant neoplasms found in members of 34 families who were selected for investigation because of their having two or more members affected with breast cancer. The data indicate that the members of some families with familial breast cancer have a relatively high predisposition for cancer of the colon, while the members of other families with familial breast cancer show relatively high predispositions, respectively, for gastric, ovarian, and endometrial carcinoma, and some for a complex of brain tumors, sarcoma, and leukemia. The observations are consistent with concepts of multiple causes involving the interactions of different genetic and environmental factors that structure different patterns of tumor association and predisposition.
TL;DR: An overview of the present knowledge about etiologic factors in the development of ovarian cancer is presented, including studies on spontaneous animal ovarian tumors that gave rise to an interesting field in comparative oncology; and studies on experimental ovarian tumors.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the present knowledge about etiologic factors in the development of ovarian cancer. It is divided into 3 main headings: 1) epidemiologic observations about human ovarian cancer; 2) studies on spontaneous animal ovarian tumors that gave rise to an interesting field in comparative oncology; and 3) studies on experimental ovarian tumors. Factors which have been related to the causation and incidence of human ovarian cancer are: 1) racial and geographical incidence; 2) socioeconomic factors; 3) genetic factors; 4) age; 5) menstrual characteristics; 6) marital status and parity; 7) relationship to intersex states; 8) laterality; 9) endometriosis; 10) previous hysterectomy; 11) previous oophorectomy; 12) relationship to other neoplasms; 13) thyroid disease; 14) mumps; 15) x-irradiation; 16) asbestosis; and 18) incessant ovulation. A review of literature on ovarian tumors in animals showed that animals have a much lesser incidence than humans and thus was attributed to the infrequency of tumors arising from the ovarian surface epithelium which in humans comprise the great majority of ovarian tumors. On the other hand the prevalence of ovarian cancer among egg-laying domestic fowls is attributed to the frequency of adenocarcinoma. Such data may be helpful in determining the etiology of certain types of ovarian cancer. Experimental ovarian tumors have been induced in animals by x-irradiation; ovarian grafting; ligature of blood vessels; partial castration; and progestrational steroids. The implications of these experiments in human problems are briefly discussed as are the need for more studies in the field of epidemiology of human ovarian cancer.
TL;DR: A multiple regression analysis of composite values gives strong support to the hypothesis that cigarettes are a major source of cadmium to man and, in addition, can contribute more to the total body burden than the amount derived from other sources.