Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1977"

Features of Similarity

Abstract: The metric and dimensional assumptions that underlie the geometric representation of similarity are questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. A new set-theoretical approach to similarity is developed in which objects are represented as collections of features, and similarity is described as a feature-matching process. Specifically, a set of qualitative assumptions is shown to imply the contrast model, which expresses the similarity between objects as a linear combination of the measures of their common and distinctive features. Several predictions of the contrast model are tested in studies of similarity with both semantic and perceptual stimuli. The model is used to uncover, analyze, and explain a variety of empirical phenomena such as the role of common and distinctive features, the relations between judgments of similarity and difference, the presence of asymmetric similarities, and the effects of context on judgments of similarity. The contrast model generalizes standard representations of similarity data in terms of clusters and trees. It is also used to analyze the relations of prototypicality and family resemblance

Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

Abstract: Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

Family Migration Decisions

Abstract: This paper joins a few very recent attempts to analyze migration in the awareness of the family context. In contrast to most of them, my focus is exclusively on the family context. The paper defines family ties relevant to migration decisions and explains their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, as well as on family integrity itself. Hopefully, the paper provides material for a missing chapter on family economics as well as an addition to the economics of labor supply arid of human capital formation.

On the Occurrence and Significance of Motivation-Structural Rules in Some Bird and Mammal Sounds

Abstract: The convergent use of harsh, low-frequency sounds by hostile animals and more pure tonelike, high frequency sounds by fearful or appeasing animals is discussed in an evolutionary context. It is proposed that many sounds in species' repertoires are evolved from motivation-structural rules derived from selection pressures favoring the use of communication instead of, or in conjunction with, fighting to attain resources. The use of this concept should further the appreciation of the relationship between sound structure and function.

On the Formation of Travel Demand Models and Economic Evaluation Measures of User Benefit

Abstract: This paper examines a variety of issues within the context of two main themes: the formation of travel demand models and economic evaluation measures which are mutually consistent within a theory of rational choice; and a consideration of the structure of models which are representations of the trip decision process over several dimensions: location, mode, and route. Random utility theory is invoked to explore both the role and properties of composite costs or index prices in the ‘recursive’ approach to the structuring of travel choice models, and their significance in the economic evaluation problem. It is shown that the specification of these costs must be made very precisely, with respect to the demand model form chosen, in order to retain the underlying assumption that the traveller is an optimal decisionmaker. It is argued that the structure of ‘simultaneous’ models currently in use is inconsistent with the form of utility function assumed to generate those models. Furthermore, it is shown that the ‘...

Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America

Abstract: In her book, Geneva Smitherman makes a substantial contribution to an understanding of Black English by setting it in the larger context of Black culture and life style. In addition to defining Black English, by its distinctive structure and special lexicon, Smitherman argues that the Black dialect is set apart from traditional English by a rhetorical style which reflects its African origins. Smitherman also tackles the issue of Black and White attitudes toward Black English, particularly as they affect educational policy. Documenting her insights with quotes from notable Black historical, literary and popular figures, Smitherman makes clear that Black English is as legitimate a form of speech as British, American, or Australian English.

Organization Structure, Individual Attitudes and Innovation

Abstract: Innovation (the initiation, adoption and implementation of new ideas or activity in an organizational setting) is reviewed in terms of organization context, structure, and member attitudes. A series of propositions and three predictive models are derived and presented as directions for future research and theory construction.

The Handbook of British mammals

Abstract: Initially published in hardback in 1990, this book provides a comprehensive description of the mammalian fauna of the British Isles and should be a useful resource for professionals and amateurs alike. The main part of the book comprises species accounts covering physical descriptions, distribution data, and information on social organization and behaviour. These accounts have been put into context by an introduction and chapters on the history of the fauna and mammalian habitats in the British Isles; an additional chapter on British mammals and the law is designed to ensure that the naturalist or researcher dealing with mammals is aware of the legal restrictions on their activities.

The topography of marital conflict: A sequential analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior.

Abstract: from a study of content, affect, and context differences as well as from sequential analyses of the data. Findings show that this coding system made it possible to account for most of the variance in the classification of couples as distressed or nondistressed. Specific findings provided tests of many currently untested hypotheses about good communication in marriages that have been the basis of clinical interventions. The hypotheses which were studied in the present investigation involve the function of metacommunication, the expression of feelings, summarizing self versus other, feeling probes, nonverbal behavior during message delivery, context differences, and positive and negative reciprocity. Functions of messages were assessed by sequential analysis procedures.

Subjects of analysis

Abstract: Subjects of Analysis, the fourth of Thomas Ogden's books, explores the frontier of contemporary psychoanalytic thinking: the experience of analyst and analysand in the dynamic interplay of subjectivity (the individual 'I-ness' of each participant) and intersubjectivity (the 'shared' experience of the analytic pair). No longer are transference and countertransference considered to have meaning (as concepts or as experiences) except in relation to one another; each is the context in which the other is generated and understood. In the course of this discussion, Ogden introduces the idea of the 'intersubjective analytic third' in his effort to conceptualize the interdependence of subject and object, of transference and countertransference, in the analytic process. This book offers a way of understanding and making use of a critical dimension of the analytic experience that is rarely spoken about by psychotherapists and analysts, and even less frequently written about in the analytic literature: the ordinary, moment-to-moment experience of the analyst in the analytic setting, including his most mundane thoughts about the minutiae of his 'outside life,' his obsessional ruminations, daydreams, sexual fantasies, distractedness, bodily sensations and worries, and so on. This highly personal, very ordinary, almost invisible aspect of the analyst's experience in the consulting room is viewed as having been created freshly as an analytic object in the unique context of the analytic relationship as it has developed to that moment of the analysis. Too often, this sort of experience has been dismissed as 'the analyst's own stuff' that must be filtered as extraneous 'psychological noise.' For Ogden, this mundane/personal background of analytic experience is seen as an important manifestation of the analyst's experience in the intersubjective analytic third to which the analyst must attempt to gain conscious access and must learn to utilize in the formulation of his interpretations and other forms of intervention.

Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions.

Abstract: In order to bring the self-regulated immune system into conformity with other body systems its functioning within the context of an immune-neuroendocrine network is proposed. This hypothesis is based on the existence of afferent--efferent pathways between immune and neuroendocrine structures. Major endocrine responses occur as a consequence of antigenic stimulation and changes in the electrical activity of the hypothalamus also take place; both of these alterations are temporally related to the immune response itself. This endocrine response has meaningful implications for immunoregulation and for immunospecificity. During ontogeny, there is also evidence for the operations of a complex network between the endocrine and immune system, a bidirectional interrelationship that may well affect each developmental stage of both functions. As sequels the functioning of the immune system and the outcome of this interrelation could be decisive in lymphoid cell homeostasis, self-tolerance, and could also have significant implications for pathology.

A unified analysis of the English bare plural

Abstract: It is argued that the English ‘bare plural’ (an NP with plural head that lacks a determiner), in spite of its apparently diverse possibilities of interpretation, is optimally represented in the grammar as a unified phenomenon. The chief distinction to be dealt with is that between the ‘generic’ use of the bare plural (as in ‘Dogs bark’) and its existential or ‘indefinite plural’ use (as in ‘He threw oranges at Alice’). The difference between these uses is not to be accounted for by an ambiguity in the NP itself, but rather by explicating how the context of the sentence acts on the bare plural to give rise to this distinction. A brief analysis is sketched in which bare plurals are treated in all instances as proper names of kinds of things. A subsidiary argument is that the null determiner is not to be regarded as the plural of the indefinite article a.

Elements of psycho-analysis

Abstract: Elements is a discussion of categorising the ideational context and emotional experience that may occur in a psychoanalytic interview. The text aims to expand the reader's understanding of cognition and its clinical ramifications.

CYCLONE — Method for Modeling Job Site Processes

Abstract: A dynamic method for modeling construction processes is presented and illustrated in the context of the construction of the Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. The method develops the concept of flow units which pass through network representations of the system being modeled. The networks consist of elements corresponding to activities or functions inherent in the concrete forming and placement process. These network models provide a medium for documenting and communicating information regarding construction processes. A computer simulation solution of the network using discrete simulation techniques is also presented.

The Role of Nonspecific Factors in the Task Performance of Learning Disabled Children A Theoretical Assessment

Abstract: A review of recent research on the development of memory, attention, perception, and learning provides support for a new interpretation of the learning disabled child's failure to perform normally in a variety of task settings. Learning failure in these children has often been attributed to the existence of discrete and specific disabilities in a variety of psychological processes necessary for learning. In the context of research from developmental psychology, however, the poor performance of learning disabled children on many tasks suggests that they may not have developed the cognitive and emotional characteristics necessary to adapt to the requirements of a task and to use active and efficient task strategies. This view has important implications for both research and treatment.

Asymptotics for and against cross-validation

Abstract: SUMMARY The asymptotic consistency of cross-validatory assessment and the asymptotic efficiency of cross-validatory choice is investigated both in some generality and also in the context of particular applications.

A dynamic model for social networks

Abstract: A continuous‐time binary‐matrix‐valued Markov chain is used to model the process by which social structure effects individual behavior. The model is developed in the context of sociometric networks of interpersonal affect. By viewing the network as a time‐dependent stochastic process it is possible to construct transition intensity equations for the probability that choices between group members will change. These equations can contain parameters for structural effects. Empirical estimates of the parameters can be interpreted as measures of structural tendencies. Some elementary processes are described and the application of the model to cross‐sectional data is explained in terms of the steady state solution to the process.

Information Load and Decision Quality: Some Contested Issues:

Abstract: Important conceptual-definitional and empirical issues previously have been raised with regard to information overload in the consumer context. The primary purpose of this rejoinder is to highlight...

Education and Screening

Abstract: Section I introduces the material. In section II a model is developed which explores the impact of input-quality uncertainty on factor demand from which is derived a rationale for the use of devices which segment the population into classes differing in their "skill" distribution parameters. The model, however, ignores the motivation of individuals to acquire the characteristics upon which firms screen, in particular, the greater incentive for the more productive to purchase the screen. This aspect has been explored by Spence (1973) and Stiglitz (1973) and will not be explicitly considered here. In section III the social value of schooling's informational context is derived within the preceeding framework. Section IV describes some empirical attempts to isolate the productivity and identification effects. The last section summarizes the paper.

The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature

Abstract: Preface Prefatory note to the Second Impression Acknowledgements PART ONE: PROBLEMS AND EXECUTIONS 1. What is Literature 2. George Orwell's 'A Hanging', and 'Michael Lake Describes' 3. Oscar Wilde: 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol' 4. What is Realism? 5. Arnold Bennett: The Old Wives' Tale 6. William Burroughs: The Naked Lunch 7. The Realistic Tradition 8. Two Kinds of Modern Fiction 9. Crticism and Realism 10. The Novel and the Nouvelle Crtique 11. Conclusion to Part One PART TWO: Metaphor and Metonymy 1. Jackobson's Theory 2. Two Types of Aphasia 3. The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles 4. Drama and Film 5. Poetry, Prose and the Poetic 6. Types of Description 7. The Executions Revisited 8. The Metonymic Text as Metaphor 9. Metaphor and Context PART THREE: MODERNISTS, ANTIMODERNISTS AND POSTMODERNIST 1. James Joyce 2. Gertrude Stein 3. Ernest Hemingway 4. D.H. Lawrence 5. Virginia Woolf 6. In the Thirties 7. Philip Larkin 8. Postmodernist Fiction Appendix A: 'A Hanging' by George Orwell Appendix B: 'Michael Lake Describes What the Executioner Actually Faces' Appendix C: Extract from The Naked Lunch by William Burroughs Notes and References Index

Theory and Application of the Linear Model

Abstract: In this book, Franklin A. Graybill integrates the linear statistical model within the context of analysis of variance, correlation and regression, and design of experiments. With topics motivated by real situations, it is a time tested, authoritative resource for experimenters, statistical consultants, and students.

Optimal Zoning Systems for Spatial Interaction Models

Abstract: The design of zoning systems for spatial interaction models is a major problem which affects both the interpretation and acceptability of these models. This paper demonstrates that zoning-system effects on parameter values and model performance are nontrivial, and that their magnitude is far larger than was previously thought likely. An approach which is most appropriate in an applied context, where there is also the problem of poor model performance, is to identify a zoning system which will approximately optimise model performance. The paper gives details of how this may be achieved. This method is demonstrated by a series of empirical studies. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the general implications for spatial model building.

Population Persistence and Density Dependence

Abstract: This paper reformulates the notion of density dependence and shows how this notion plays an important role in constructing appropriate models for data analysis. The regulation and persistence of population processes are interpreted as a close resemblance to the behavior of a series of random variables in which the second moments are bounded. On this basis the formal criteria of persistence are deduced. General structural models of population processes are set up and translated into discrete single—variable difference equations, ranging from the simplest linear first—order process to more complex nonlinear second—order processes. The discussion includes the derivation of general conditions for the second—order limit cycles, a reanalysis of the Canadian lynx 10—yr cycle, and models for population outbreaks. Based on the results of the preceding study of models, the notion of density dependence is reformulated. First, the meaning of the word 'dependence' is discussed. In the context of 'density dependence,' the word has two meanings; the causal dependence of a factor on density, and the statistical dependence. Statistical dependence is defined as a converse of statistical independence, the latter being a process in which the rate of change in density has zero correlation with density; this is a very special class of processes and is unlikely to occur in natural population processes. Therefore, the test of density dependence against the null hypothesis of statistical independence will not provide much insight. It is also argued that a deduction from the persistence criteria shows that a negative correlation between density and its rate of change is a necessary outcome of regulation and hence that the notion of 'density—dependent regulation' in statistical dependence is an uninspiring tautology. As opposed to statistical density independence, which necessarily generates an unbounded population process, causal density independence may satisfy the persistence conditions and hence may regulate populations. However, such a causally 'density—independent regulation' tends to be 'fragile' against perturbations by random exogenous factors. It is a particular class of causally density—dependent processes that can ensure regulation more durable against such perturbations. The inference of generating mechanism from observation is discussed. Although regression analysis is an essential method of inference, simple regression analysis will not work unless the observed processes are known to be a simple Markov chain. Statistical inference of generating mechanisms in observed systems depends largely on the choice of appropriate models, and it is in the construction of such models that the notion of causal density dependence plays an important role.

Passages in modern sculpture

Abstract: This book contains seven art historical essays by Krauss, which examine major works of 19th and 20th century sculpture. She employs a critical methodology informed by phenomenology, structural linguistics, and psychoanalytic theory, to works produced within a modern context. Emphasis is placed on the topics of space, time, narrative, vitalism, totemism, light, motion, and theatricality. Includes name and subject index. Biographical notes on author. 167 bibl. ref.