Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 2003"

Capabilities as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice

Abstract: Amartya Sen has made a major contribution to the theory of social justice, and of gender justice, by arguing that capabilities are the relevant space of comparison when justice-related issues are considered. This article supports Sen's idea, arguing that capabilities supply guidance superior to that of utility and resources (the view's familiar opponents), but also to that of the social contract tradition, and at least some accounts of human rights. But I argue that capabilities can help us to construct a normative conception of social justice, with critical potential for gender issues, only if we specify a definite set of capabilities as the most important ones to protect. Sen's "perspective of freedom" is too vague. Some freedoms limit others; some freedoms are important, some trivial, some good, and some positively bad. Before the approach can offer a valuable normative gender perspective, we must make commitments about substance.

The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior

Abstract: The group engagement model expands the insights of the group-value model of procedural justice and the relational model of authority into an explanation for why procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations, and societies. It hypothesizes that procedures are important because they shape people's social identity within groups, and social identity in turn influences attitudes, values, and behaviors. The model further hypothesizes that resource judgments exercise their influence indirectly by shaping social identity. This social identity mediation hypothesis explains why people focus on procedural justice, and in particular on procedural elements related to the quality of their interpersonal treatment, because those elements carry the most social identity-relevant information. In this article, we review several key insights of the group engagement model, relate these insights to important trends in psychological research on justice, and discuss implications of the model for the future of procedural justice research.

Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism

Abstract: The existence of cooperation and social order among genetically unrelated individuals is a fundamental problem in the behavioural sciences. The prevailing approaches in biology and economics view cooperation exclusively as self-interested behaviour--unrelated individuals cooperate only if they face economic rewards or sanctions rendering cooperation a self-interested choice. Whether economic incentives are perceived as just or legitimate does not matter in these theories. Fairness-based altruism is, however, a powerful source of human cooperation. Here we show experimentally that the prevailing self-interest approach has serious shortcomings because it overlooks negative effects of sanctions on human altruism. Sanctions revealing selfish or greedy intentions destroy altruistic cooperation almost completely, whereas sanctions perceived as fair leave altruism intact. These findings challenge proximate and ultimate theories of human cooperation that neglect the distinction between fair and unfair sanctions, and they are probably relevant in all domains in which voluntary compliance matters--in relations between spouses, in the education of children, in business relations and organizations as well as in markets.

Organization structure as a moderator of the relationship between procedural justice, interactional justice, perceived organizational support, and supervisory trust

Abstract: Organizational justice researchers recognize the important role organization context plays in justice perceptions, yet few studies systematically examine contextual variables. This article examines how 1 aspect of context--organizational structure--affects the relationship between justice perceptions and 2 types of social exchange relationships, organizational and supervisory. The authors suggest that under different structural conditions, procedural and interactional justice will play differentially important roles in determining the quality of organizational social exchange (as evidenced by perceived organizational support [POS]) and supervisory social exchange (as evidenced by supervisory trust). In particular, the authors hypothesized that the relationship between procedural justice and POS would be stronger in mechanistic organizations and that the relationship between interactional justice and supervisory trust would be stronger in organic organizations. The authors' results support these hypotheses.

Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory

Abstract: Now that supposedly distinguishing marks of humanity, from reasoning to tool use, have been found in other species, how can we justify discriminating against nonhuman animals solely on the basis of their species? And how must cultural studies and critical practices change to do justice to "others" who are not human? In "Animal Rites", Cary Wolfe examines contemporary notions of humanism, ethics and animals by reconstructing a little known but crucial underground tradition of theorizing the animal from Wittgenstein, Cavell and Lyotard to Levinas, Derrida, Zizek, Maturana and Varela. Through detailed readings of how discourses of race, sexuality, colonialism and animality interact in 20th-century American culture - Hemingway's fiction, the film "The Silence of the Lambs", Michael Crichton's novel "Congo" - Wolfe explores what it would mean, in theory and critical practice, to take seriously "the question of the animal". A pathbreaking contribution to discussions of posthumanism, "Animal Rites" should interest readers in a wide range of fields, from science and literature to philsosophy and ethics, from animal rights and ecology to literary theory and criticism.

Governing Security: Explorations of Policing and Justice

Abstract: 1. Introduction: Thinking About Security 2. Dimensions of Governance 3. The Punishment Mentality and Coercive Technologies 4. Historical Shifts in Security Governance 5. Corporate Initiatives: The Risk Paradigm 6. Zero Tolerance, Community Policing and Partnership 7. Security Governance in Britain 8. Nodal Governance, Security and Justice

Forgiveness and Justice: A Research Agenda for Social and Personality Psychology:

Abstract: Forgiveness and related constructs (e.g., repentance, mercy, reconciliation) are ripe for study by social and personality psychologists, including those interested in justice. Current trends in social science, law, management, philosophy, and theology suggest a need to expand existing justice frameworks to incorporate alternatives or complements to retribution, including forgiveness and related processes. In this article, we raise five challenging empirical questions about forgiveness. For each question, we briefly review representative research, raise hypotheses, and suggest specific ways in which social and personality psychologists could make distinctive contributions.

The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Global Connections and Comparisons

Abstract: List Of Illustrations.List Of Tables And Maps.Series Editor's Preface.Acknowledgements.Introduction.The Organization Of The Book.Problem One: 'Prime Movers' And The Economic Factor.Problem Two: Global History And Post-Modernism.Problem Three: The Continuing 'Riddle Of The Modern'.Conforming To Standards In Bodily Practice.Building Out From The Body: Communications And Complexity.Afterword.Part I: The End of The Old Regime:.1. Old Regimes And 'Archaic Globalisation':.Peasants And Lords.The Politics Of Difference.Powers On The Fringes Of States.Harbingers Of New Political Formations.The Pre-History Of 'Globalisation'.'Archaic' And Early Modern Globalisation.Prospect.2. Passages From The Old Regimes To Modernity:.The 'Last Great Domestication' And 'Industrious Revolutions'.New Patterns Of Afro-Asian Material Culture, Production And Trade.The Internal And External Limits Of Afro-Asian 'Industrious Revolutions.'.Trade, Finance And Innovation: European Competitive Advantages.The Activist, Patriotic State Evolves.Critical Publics.The Development Of Asian And African Ecumenes.Conclusion: 'Backwardness', Lags And Conjunctures.3. Convergent Revolutions, 1780-1820:.Contemporaries Ponder The World Crisis.A Summary Anatomy Of The World Crisis, C. 1720-1820.Sapping The Legitimacy Of The State: From France To China.The Ideological Origins Of The Modern State.Nationalities Versus States And Empires.The Third Revolution: Polite And Commercial Peoples Worldwide.Prospect.Part II: The Modern World In Genesis:.4. Between World Revolutions, C. 1815-1860.Assessing The 'Wreck Of Nations'.British Maritime Supremacy, World Trade And Agrarian Recovery.Emigration: A Safety Valve.The Losers In The 'New World Order', C. 1815-65.Problems Of Hybrid Legitimacy - Whose State Was It?.The State Gains Strength - But Not Enough.Wars Of Legitimacy In Asia: A Summary Account.Economic And Ideological Roots Of The Asian Revolutions.The Years Of Hunger And Rebellion In Europe, 1848-51.The American Civil War As A Global Event.Convergence Or Difference?.Reviewing The Argument.5. Industrialisation And The New City:.Historians, Industrialisation And Cities.The Progress Of Industrialisation.Cities As Centres Of Production And Consumption.The Urban Impact Of The Global Crisis, 1780-1820.Race And Class In The New City.Working Class Politics.World-Wide Urban Cultures And Their Critics.Conclusion.6. Nation, Empire And Ethnicity: C. 1860-1900:.'Theories' Of Nationalism.When Was Nationalism?.Whose Nationalism?.Perpetuating Nationalisms: Memories, National Associations And Print.From Community To Nation: The Eurasian Empires.Where We Stand With Nationalism.Peoples Without States Persecution Or Assimilation?.Imperialism And Its History In The Late Nineteenth Century.Dimension Of The 'New Imperialism'.A World Of Nation States?.The Persistence Of Old Patterns Of Globalisation.From Globalisation To Inter-Nationalim.Inter-Nationalism In Action.Conclusion.Part III: State And Society In The Age of Imperialism:.7. Myths And Technologies Of The Modern State.Dimensions Of The Modern State.The State And The Historians.Problems Of Defining The State.The Modern State Takes Root Geographical Dimensions.Claims To Justice And Symbols Of Power.The State's Resources.The State's Obligations To Society.Tools Of The State.State, Economy And Nation.A Balance Sheet: What Had The State Achieved?.8. The Theory And Practice Of Liberalism, Rationalism, Socialism And Science.Contextualising 'Intellectual' History.The Corruption Of The Righteous Republic: A Classic Theme.Righteous Republics World-Wide.The Advent Of Liberalism And The Market: Western Exceptionalism?.Liberalism And Land Reform: Radical Theory And Conservative Practice.Free Trade Or National Political Economy.Representing The Peoples.Secularism And Positivism: Trans-National Affinities.The Reception Of Socialism And Its Local Resonances.Science In Global Context.Professionalisation At World Level.Conclusion.9. Empires Of Religion:.Religion In The Eyes Of Contemporaries.The View Of Recent Historians.The Rise Of New-Style Religion.Modes Of Religious Domination, Their Agents And Their Limitations.Formalising Religious Authority, Creating 'Imperial Religions'.Formalising Doctrines And Rites.The Expansion Of 'Imperial Religions' On Their Inner And Outer Frontiers.Pilrimage And Globalisation.Printing And The Propagation Of Religion.Religious Building.Religion And The Nation.Conclusion: The Spirits Of The Age.10. The World Of The Arts And The Imagination:.Arts And Politics.Hybridity And Uniformity In Art Across The Globe.Levelling Forces: The Market, The Everyday And The Museum.The Arts Of The Emerging Nation And Empire 1760-1850.Arts And The People 1850-1914.Outside The West: Adaptation And Dependency.Architecture: A Mirror Of The City.Towards World Literature.Conclusion: Arts And Societies.Prospect.Part IV: Change, Decay And Crisis:.11. The Reconstitution Of Social Hierarchies:.Change And The Historians.Gender And Subordination In The 'Liberal Age'.Slavery's Indian Summer.The Peasant And Rural Labourer As Bond Serf.The Peasant That 'Got Away'.Why Rural Subordination Survived.The Transformation Of 'Gentries'.Challenges To The Gentry.Routes To Survival: State Service And Commerce.Men Of 'Fewer Board Acres' In Europe.Surviving Supremacies.Continuity Or Change?.12. The Destruction Of 'Native Peoples' And Ecological Depredation:.What Is Meant By Native Peoples?.Europeans And Native Peoples Before C. 1820.Native Peoples In The Age Of Hiatus?.The White Deluge 1840-1890.The Deluge In Practice: New Zealand, South Africa And The U.S.A.Ruling Savage Natures: Recovery And Marginalisation.13. Conclusion: The Great Acceleration: C.1890-1914:.Predicting 'Things To Come'.The Agricultural Depression, Inter-Nationalism And The New Imperialism.The Strange Death Of Inter-National Liberalism.Summing Up: Globalisation And Crisis 1780-1914.Global Interconnections 1780-1914.What Were The Motors Of Change?.Power In Global And Inter-National Networks.Contested Uniformity And Universal Complexity Revisited.August 1914.Notes.Bibliography.Index.

The Role of Instrumental and Expressive Social Ties in Employees' Perceptions of Organizational Justice

Abstract: We argue that employees' organizational justice perceptions are, in part, influenced by whom they associate with in the workplace. Consequently, we examine the link between different types of social ties and the interpersonal similarity of employees' perceptions of interactional, procedural, and distributive justice through a social network study in a division of a Fortune 500 firm. We predicted and found that social ties influence perceptions of justice to different extents, depending on the type of justice assessed. Expressive ties were associated with greater similarity in coworkers' perceptions than instrumental ties in the most affect-inducing justice perceptions, perceptions of interactional justice. Our findings suggest that the opinions held by an individual's coworkers influence others' justice perceptions, especially when justice is ambiguous and affect inducing, and that different justice perceptions may be transmitted via different types of social ties.

The Opportunity Trap: Education and Employment in a Global Economy

Abstract: This article is based on the Keynote Address to ECER, Lisbon, Portugal, 11-14 September 2002. The opportunity to make a better life is enshrined in democratic societies. In recent decades the growth in personal freedom and the rhetoric of the knowledge economy have led many to believe that we have more opportunities than ever before. We are told that the trade-off between efficiency and justice no longer holds in a global knowledge-driven economy, as the opportunity to exploit the talents of all, at least in the developed world, is now a realistic goal. This article will challenge such accounts of education, opportunity and global labour market. It points to enduring social inequalities in the competition for a livelihood and an intensification of 'positional' conflict. Our 'opportunities' are becoming harder to cash in. The opportunity-cost is increasing because the pay-off depends on getting ahead in the competition for tough-entry jobs. Middle-class families in competitive hot spots are adopting increasingly desperate measures to win a positional advantage. But the opportunity trap is not only a problem for individuals or families. It exposes an inherent tension, if not contradiction, in the relationship between capitalism and democracy. It will be argued that the legitimate foundations of opportunity, based on education, jobs and rewards, are unravelling. Within education, this not only represents further symptoms of the 'diploma disease' but a social revolution that fundamentally challenges our understanding of education, efficiency and social justice.

The Justice Motive: Where Social Psychologists Found It, How they Lost It, and Why They May Not Find It Again:

Abstract: Beginning shortly after the 2nd World War, 3 lines of research associated with relative deprivation, equity theory, and just world contributed to the description of the influence of the justice motive in people's lives. By the late 1960s, these converging lines of research had documented the importance of people's desire for justice; nevertheless, contemporary social psychologists typically portray this justice-driven motivation as simply a manifestation of self-interest. The explanation for this failure to recognize a distinct and important justice motive points to the widespread reliance on research methods that elicit the participant's thoughtfully constructed narratives or role-playing responses. According to recent theoretical advances, these methods generate responses that reflect normative expectations of rational self-interest, and fail to capture the important effects of the emotionally generated imperatives of the justice motive.

Transformative Pedagogy for Democracy and Social Justice

Abstract: The authors propose a theoretical model of engaged learning for democracy and justice that draws from multicultural education and critical pedagogy, Freireian dialogic education, and Kolb's active, experiential learning. Engaged learning is defined as applying concepts and ideas from the classroom to out-of-class cognition and action. An empirical investigation (n=203) examines the impact of a course focusing on intergroup relations and social conflict. The course is shown to increase students' structural attributions for racial/ethnic inequality and socio-historical causation. The course also increases students' action orientation away from individual blaming to individual action toward institutional targets, and institutional and societal change. On pre- and post-test measures, engaged learning is shown to mediate the impact of course content and active pedagogy on students' active thinking and understanding of socio-historical causation as well as students' action strategies that promote more tolerance...

On the path to sustainability: integrating social dimensions into the research and practice of environmental management

Abstract: The theme of the Tenth International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network in Goteborg, Sweden, was focused on exploring the social dimensions of sustainability. This focus is timely because extant research and practice in sustainability has emphasized the environmental dimension. The UNWCED definition of sustainable development as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ is clear about the integration of the economic, ecological and social impacts of development (UNWCED, 1987, p. 43). As underlined by UNWCED, sustainable development refers to the concept of ‘needs’, but limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organizations on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs are also a central concern. Lafferty and Langhelle (1999) suggest that sustainable development must be treated as an ethical code for human survival and progress, and it is on a par with other high-minded ideas such as democracy, freedom and human rights. The ‘openness of meaning’ of such concepts can never be closed and the fruitfulness of the concept of sustainable development is linked to continued political discourse on the concept's content and future goals and to the continuing debate about the instrumental implications of its normative aspirations (Lafferty and Langhelle, 1999, p. 26). The tenth GIN conference with its explicit focus on the social dimensions of sustainability facilitated the continuation of this discourse. Just as scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainable development have focused mainly on environmental management, those concerned with corporate social responsibility (CSR) have focused on social and ethical issues such as human rights, working conditions and philanthropy. The social principles of justice and inclusiveness embedded in the concept of sustainable development have entered the corporate or research agenda to a very limited extent, even among firms making promising environmental efforts at a global scale (Ruud, 2002a). Promoting sustainable development requires that governments incorporate these principles into designing holistic policies that motivate and enable firms to develop more sustainable strategies (Roome and Cahill, 2001). This was also underlined by the chief executive officer of the Volvo group during the first plenary session of the GIN conference in Gothenburg. We begin by examining to what extent the social aspects of sustainability have been integrated into public policy and government regulations and then into organizational research and practice. We then examine the extent to which the best representative papers in this volume from the tenth GIN conference have been able to achieve the integration of social and environmental dimensions. We conclude with some thoughts on future directions for sustainability research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Brand New Justice: The Upside of Global Branding

Abstract: Something's going on Why the rich get richer and the poor get poorer Can a country cross the divide? It's starting to happen It isn't easy When countries become brands Change is in the air How far should we take this?

Applications of prospect theory to political science

Abstract: Prospect theory is an alternative theory of choice under conditions of risk, and deviates from expected utility theory by positing that people evaluate choices with respect to gains and losses from a reference point. They tend to overweight losses with respect to comparable gains and engage in risk-averse behavior with respect to gains and risk-acceptant behavior with respect to losses. They also respond to probabilities in a non-linear manner. I begin with an overview of prospect theory and some of the evidence upon which it is based, and then consider some of the implications of the theory for American politics, international relations, and the law. I end with a brief discussion of some of the conceptual and methodological problems confronting the application of prospect theory to the study of politics.

Of Different Minds: An Accessible Identity Model of Justice Reasoning

Abstract: An accessible identity nodel (AIM) of justice reasoning is introduced to explain when people become concerned about justice and how they define what is fair or unfair once justice concerns are activated. This model has two core propositions: (a) People are most likely to think about justice and fairness when self-relevant values and goals are highly accessible or activated, and (b) how people define fairness depends on which aspect of the self (i.e., material, social, or personal and moral) dominates the working self-concept. A review of the literature indicates that this general model provides an integrative account for when and how people become concerned about both procedural and distributive justice, and provides a cogent explanationfor known effects and results previously thought to be anomalies. Finally, the model generates novel hypotheses about how identity threat may lead to motivated perceptions off airness or unfairness.

Refinancing the College Dream: Access, Equal Opportunity, and Justice for Taxpayers

Abstract: Contents:IntroductionPART I Understanding the Access Challenge Finding Justice in Public Finance Rethinking Assumptions Assessing the Effects of Policy The 1970s: Equalizing Educational Opportunity The 1980s: Middles Class Assistance The 1990s: Justice for Taxpayers? The New InequalityPART II Meeting the Access Challenge The Role of Finances A Contingency Approach to Refinancing Improving Access and Equalizing Opportunity Appendix: Trends in Finances and Outcomes

"In our own hands": Lynching, justice, and the law in Bolivia

Abstract: Vigilantes in the marginal communities of a Bolivian city take the law into their own hands both to police their communities against crime and as a way of expressing their dissatisfaction with the state and its official policing and justice systems In this article, I examine an incident of vigilante violence (lynching) in one such Bolivian barrio to explore the ways in which vigilantism acts as a moral complaint against state inadequacy, challenging state legitimacy and redefining ideas about justice, citizenship, and law in the process I also analyze the range of discourses that surrounds lynching in contemporary Bolivian society, exploring the interpretive conflict that results as barrio residents attempt to counter official representations of the meaning of vigilantism in their community [violence, vigilantism, legal anthropology, citizenship, Bolivia, the Andes]

The Civic Minimum: On the Rights and Obligations of Economic Citizenship

Abstract: 1. Introduction PART 1. FAIR RECIPROCITY 2. Integrity, Opportunity, and Vulnerability 3. The Reciprocity Principle 4. Justice as Fair Reciprocity 5. The Contributive Obligation PART 2: THE CIVIC MINIMUM 6. Welfare Contractualism 7. Basic Income 8. Basic Capital 9. Conclusion

Taming globalization : frontiers of governance

Abstract: Introduction: Globalization and the Challenge to Governance Mathias Koenig--Archibugi, The London School of Economics and Political Science. Chapter 1: The Disturbing Rise in Poverty and Inequality: Is It All a 'Big Lie'? Robert Hunter Wade, The London School of Economics & Political Science. Chapter 2: Globalization and Development Joseph Stiglitz, Columbia University. Chapter 3: Globalizing Justice Robert E. Goodin, Australian National University. Chapter 4: Taking Embedded Liberalism Global: The Corporate Connection John Gerard Ruggie, Harvard University. Chapter 5: Global Governance and Democratic Accountability Robert O. Keohane, Duke University. Chapter 6: From Executive to Cosmopolitan Multilateralism David Held, The London School of Economics and Political Science

The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope

Abstract: You are a legislator, a voter, a judge, a commentator, or an advocacy group leader. You need to decide whether to endorse decision A, for instance a partial-birth abortion ban, a limited school choice program, or a gun registration mandate. You think A might be a fairly good idea on its own, or at least not a very bad one. But you're afraid that A might eventually lead other legislators, voters, or judges to implement policy B, which you strongly oppose—for instance, broader abortion restrictions, an extensive school choice program, or a total gun ban. What does it make sense for you to do, given your opposition to B, and given your awareness that others in society might not share your views? Should you heed James Madison's admonition that "it is proper to take alarm at the first experiment on our liberties," and oppose a decision that you might have otherwise supported were it not for your concern about the slippery slope? Or should you accept the immediate benefits of A, and trust that even after A is enacted, B will be avoided? Slippery slopes are, I will argue, a real cause for concern, as legal thinkers such as President James Madison, Justice Robert Jackson, Justice William Brennan, Justice John Harlan, and Justice Hugo Black have recognized, and as our own experience at least partly bears out: we can all identify situations where one group's support of a first step A eventually made it easier for others to implement a later step B that might not have happened without A (though we may disagree about exactly which situations exhibit this quality). Such an A may not have logically required the corresponding B, yet for political and psychological reasons, it helped bring B about. But, as thinkers such as President Abraham Lincoln, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Justice Felix Frankfurter have recognized, slippery slope objections can't always be dispositive. We accept, because we must, some speech restrictions, searches and seizures, and other regulations. Each first step involves risk, but it is often a risk that we need to take. This need makes many people impatient with slippery slope arguments. The slippery slope argument, opponents suggest, is the claim that "we ought not make a sound decision today, for fear of having to draw a sound distinction tomorrow." Exactly why, for instance, would accepting (for instance) a restriction on "ideas we hate" "sooner or later" lead to restrictions on "ideas we cherish"? If the legal system is willing to protect the ideas we cherish today, why won't it still protect them tomorrow, even if we ban some other ideas in the meantime? And even if one thinks slippery slopes are possible, what about cases where the slope seems slippery both ways—where both alternative decisions might lead to bad consequences? My aim here is to analyze how we can sensibly evaluate the risk of slippery slopes, a topic that has been surprisingly underinvestigated. I think the most useful definition of a slippery slope is one that covers all situations where decision A, which you might find appealing, ends up materially increasing the probability that others will bring about decision B, which you oppose.

Child welfare: Historical dimensions, contemporary debate

Abstract: Child welfare - ways of seeing The narrative of bodies/minds - bodies The narrative of bodies/minds - minds (and bodies) The narrative of victims/threats The relationship between bodies/minds and victims/threats Normal/abnormal Children as the future Providing for the "children of the nation", 1880s-1918 The background The Child Study Movement Child cruelty and the NSPCC The age of consent and punishment of incest Children in care - the Poor Law, voluntary societies and child emigration The blind, the deaf and the "feeble-minded", The Infant Welfare Movement The School Meals Service School medical inspection and treatment The 1908 Children Act Child welfare in a period of economic and political crises, 1918-45 Nutrition Medical treatment The Child Guidance Movement Changing perspectives on juvenile delinquency: the 1933 Children and Young Persons Act The war years: evacuation, school meals, and health and welfare under the 1944 Education Act Optimism and liberalism: children of the welfare state 1945-79 The Curtis Report, 1946 The 1948 Children Act The 1948 Children Act, the family and the state Deprivation and depravation - Ingleby and the family The 1963 and 1969 Children and Young Person Acts The "family service" in the community , 1970-75 Fostering, adoption and the 1975 Children Act The rediscovery of child abuse The Conservative Age - liberal moments amid poverty, ill-health and punishment 1979-97 Health - increasing inequalities Poverty - the worst in Europe? Delinquency and justice: 'childhood in crisis' C hildcare policy, the 1989 Children Act and after New Labo ur and child welfare: panopticism in the service of communitarianism Introduction - the Third Way Poverty: eradicating it Education - "education, education, education" Delinquency: "no more excuses" New Labour and the post-modern child.

Faith- Based Diplomacy Trumping Realpolitik

Abstract: For most of the twentieth century, the most critical concerns of national security have been balance of power politics and the global arms race. The attacks of September 11, 2001 and the motives behind them, however, demand a radical break with this tradition. If the United States is to prevail in its long-term contest with extremist Islam, it will need to re-examine old assumptions, expand the scope of its thinking to include religion and other "irrational" factors, and be willing to depart from past practice. A purely military response in reaction to such attacks will simply not suffice. What will be required is a long-term strategy of cultural engagement, backed by a deeper understanding of how others view the world and what is important to them. In non-Western cultures, religion is a primary motivation for political actions. Historically dismissed by Western policymakers as a divisive influence, religion in fact has significant potential for overcoming the obstacles that lead to paralysis and stalemate. The incorporation of religion as part of the solution to such problems is as simple as it is profound. It is long overdue. This book looks at five intractable conflicts and explores the possibility of drawing on religion as a force for peace. It builds upon the insights of Religion, the Missing Dimension of Statecraft (OUP,1994)-which examined the role that religious or spiritual factors can play in preventing or resolving conflict-while achieving social change based on justice and reconciliation. The world-class authors writing in this volume suggest how the peacemaking tenets of five major world religions can be strategically applied in ongoing conflicts in which those religions are involved. Finally, the commonalities and differences between these religions are examined with an eye toward further applications in peacemaking and conflict resolution.

Ethics of Justice and Care in Corporate Crisis Management

Abstract: Despite the importance of ethics in corporate crisis management, they have received limited attention in the academic literature. This article contributes to the evolving conversation on ethics in crisis management by elucidating the ethics of "justice" and "care" and distinguishing between them. Examples of the two approaches are offered through consideration of cases in corporate crisis management, including the alleged glass contamination case faced by Gerber Products Company, and, the shooting tragedy at San Ysidro faced by McDonald's Corporation. It is argued that both an ethic of justice and an ethic of care can be appropriate approaches in corporate crisis management. Areas for future research are discussed.

Social Justice, Democratic Education and the Silencing of Words that Wound

Abstract: Classrooms and schools represent a "culture of power" to the extent that they mirror unjust social relations that exist in the larger society. Progressive educators committed to social justice seek to disrupt those social relations in the classroom that function to silence marginalised students, but neutralising those who attempt to reassert power is problematic. This paper investigates the questions: is it ever justified to use power to interrupt power? Does all silencing subjugate? Arguments for and against the censorship of teachers who believe that portraying homosexual lifestyles in a positive light undermines their integrity are outlined. I highlight and explain two crucial considerations absent in the aforementioned debate. Finally, the implications of the debate for social justice educators are explicated.

Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements. Chapter 1: Introduction: Issues and Perspectives. Chapter 2: The New Model of Global Governance. Chapter 3: The Political Model of Migration. Chapter 4: Cosmopolitan Economic Membership. Chapter 5: Global Equality and Justice. Notes. Index