Showing papers on "Genus published in 2002"
TL;DR: New phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid matK regions suggest that at least some of these morphological traits are homoplasious and three of the tribes are paraphyletic.
Abstract: The pantropical Zingiberaceae is the largest family in the order Zingiberales with 53 genera and over 1200 species Classifications of the family first proposed in 1889 and refined by others since that time recognize four tribes (Globbeae, Hedychieae, Alpinieae, and Zingibereae) based on morphological features, such as number of locules and placentation in the ovary, development of staminodia, modifications of the fertile anther, and rhizome-shoot-leaf orientation New phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid matK regions suggest that at least some of these morphological traits are homoplasious and three of the tribes are paraphyletic The African genus Siphonochilus and Bornean genus Tamijia are basal clades The former Alpinieae and Hedychieae for the most part are monophyletic taxa with the Globbeae and Zingibereae included within the latter The results of these phylogenetic investigations are used to propose a new classification of the Zingiberaceae that recognizes four subfamilies and four tribes: Siphonochiloideae (Siphonochileae), Tamijioideae (Tamijieae), Alpinioideae (Alpinieae, Riedelieae), and Zingiberoideae (Zingibereae, Globbeae) Morphological features congruent with this classification and the taxonomic status of various monotypic genera are discussed
408 citations
TL;DR: A polyphasic approach was used to clarify the taxonomy of the water-bloom-forming oscillatorioid cyanobacteria and proposed either emended or new taxonomic descriptions for Planktothrix agardhii, PlankTothrix rubescens, and Limnothrix redekei.
Abstract: A polyphasic approach was used to clarify the taxonomy of the water-bloom-forming oscillatorioid cyanobacteria. Seventy-five strains of oscillatorioid cyanobacteria were characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA base composition, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition, phycobilin pigment composition, complementary chromatic adaptation, morphological characters, growth temperature and salinity tolerance. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences divided the strains into six groups, all of which were clearly separated from the type species of the genus Oscillatoria, Oscillatoria princeps Gomont NIVA CYA 150. Therefore, these strains should be classified into genera other than Oscillatoria. Groups I-III were closely related to one another and groups IV-VI were distinct from one another and from groups I to III. Group I was further divided into two subgroups, group I-pc, which includes strains containing only phycocyanin (PC), and group I-pe, which includes strains containing large amounts of phycoerythrin (PE) in addition to PC. This phenotypic distinction was supported by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Based on the properties examined herein and data from traditional, botanical taxonomic studies, the groups and subgroups were classified into single species and we propose either emended or new taxonomic descriptions for Planktothrix agardhii (type strain NIES 204T), Planktothrix rubescens (type strain CCAP 1459/22T), Planktothrix pseudagardhii sp. nov. (type strain T1-8-4T), Planktothrix mougeotii (type strain TR1-5T), Planktothricoides raciborskii gen. nov., comb. nov. (type strain NIES 207T), Tychonema bourrellyi (type strain CCAP 1459/11BT) and Limnothrix redekei (type strain NIVA CYA 277/1T).
231 citations
TL;DR: Phylogenetic relationships among the NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat) resistance gene homologues from 30 genera and nine families were evaluated relative to phylogenies for these taxa, suggesting preferential expansions or losses of certain RGH types within particular taxa and suggesting that no one species will provide models for all major sequence types in other taxa.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among the NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat) resistance gene homologues (RGHs) from 30 genera and nine families were evaluated relative to phylogenies for these taxa. More than 800 NBS-LRR RGHs were analyzed, primarily from Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae species, but also from representatives of other angiosperm and gymnosperm families. Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods were used to classify these RGHs relative to previously observed gene subfamilies as well as within more closely related sequence clades. Grouping sequences using a distance cutoff of 250 PAM units (point accepted mutations per 100 residues) identified at least five ancient sequence clades with representatives from several plant families: the previously observed TIR gene subfamily and a minimum of four deep splits within the non-TIR gene subfamily. The deep splits in the non-TIR subfamily are also reflected in comparisons of amino acid substitution rates in various species and in ratios of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (KA/KS values) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Lower KA/KS values in the TIR than the non-TIR sequences suggest greater functional constraints in the TIR subfamily. At least three of the five identified ancient clades appear to predate the angiosperm–gymnosperm radiation. Monocot sequences are absent from the TIR subfamily, as observed in previous studies. In both subfamilies, clades with sequences separated by approximately 150 PAM units are family but not genus specific, providing a rough measure of minimum dates for the first diversification event within these clades. Within any one clade, particular taxa may be dramatically over- or underrepresented, suggesting preferential expansions or losses of certain RGH types within particular taxa and suggesting that no one species will provide models for all major sequence types in other taxa.
219 citations
TL;DR: A new genus, Tannerella, is proposed for Bacteroides forsythus, with one species, TANNerella forsythensis corrig.
Abstract: The characteristics of the fusiform species Bacteroides forsythus, isolated from human periodontal pockets, were examined. 165 rDNA sequence analysis confirmed that B. forsythus was not a species within the genus Bacteroides sensu stricto. Although B. forsythus was phylogenetically related to Bacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides merdae in the phylogenetic tree, the ratio of anteiso-15:0 to iso-15:0 in whole-cell methanolysates of B. forsythus was different from those of B. distasonis, B. merdae and other Bacteroides species. B. forsythus did not grow on medium containing 20% bile, but members of the Bacteroides fragilis group did. B. forsythus was the only species tested that was trypsin-positive in API ZYM tests. The dehydrogenase enzyme pattern was of no use for the differentiation of B. forsythus and the B. fragilis group. On the basis of these data, a new genus, Tannerella, is proposed for Bacteroides forsythus, with one species, Tannerella forsythensis corrig., gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of Tannerella forsythensis is JCM 10827T (= ATCC 43037T).
211 citations
TL;DR: A phylogenetic analysis of 42 species based on the first 872 base pairs of nuclear-encoded large subunit (LSU) rDNA suggested that Nitzschia is not monophyletic, as expected from the great morphological diversity within the genus.
Abstract: In order to elucidate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Bacillariaceae we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 42 species (sequences were determined from more than two strains of many of the Pseudo-nitzschia species) based on the first 872 base pairs of nuclear-encoded large subunit (LSU) rDNA, which include some of the most variable domains. Four araphid genera were used as the outgroup in maximum likelihood, parsimony and distance analyses. The phylogenetic inferences revealed the Bacillariaceae as monophyletic (bootstrap support ≥90%). A clade comprising Pseudo-nitzschia, Fragilariopsis and Nitzschia americana (clade A) was supported by high bootstrap values (≥94%) and agreed with the morphological features revealed by electron microscopy. Data for 29 taxa indicate a subdivision of clade A, one clade comprising Pseudo-nitzschia species, a second clade consisting of Pseudo-nitzschia species and Nitzschia americana, and a third clade comprising Fragilariopsis species. Pseudo-nitzschia as pres...
198 citations
TL;DR: A molecular phylogeny was inferred from chloroplast tufA sequences of 23 taxa of Caulerpa to better understand the evolutionary history of the genus, finding high bootstrap values support monophyly of C. mexicana, C. sertularioides, and C. prolifera, whereas most other C Faulerpa species show para‐ or polyphyly.
Abstract: The genus Caulerpa consists of about 75 species of tropical to subtropical siphonous green algae. To better understand the evolutionary history of the genus, a molecular phylogeny was inferred from chloroplast tufA sequences of 23 taxa. A sequence of Caulerpella ambigua was included as a potential outgroup. Results reveal that the latter taxon is, indeed, sister to all ingroup sequences. Caulerpa itself consists of a series of relatively ancient and species-poor lineages and a relatively modern and rapidly diversifying clade, containing most of the diversity. The molecular phylogeny conflicts with the intrageneric sectional classification based on morphological characters and an evolutionary scheme based on chloroplast ultrastructure. High bootstrap values support monophyly of C. mexicana, C. sertularioides, C. taxifolia, C. webbiana, and C. prolifera, whereas most other Caulerpa species show para- or polyphyly.
197 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the general utility of sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions for phylogenetic analyses of animal species groups and their broader relationships, sequences were obtained for 19 species of the genus Haliotis plus a keyhole limpet and a more distantly related gastropod.
Abstract: To evaluate the general utility of sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions for phylogenetic analyses of animal species groups and their broader relationships, sequences were obtained for 19 species of the genus Haliotis plus a keyhole limpet and a more distantly related gastropod, the Chilean abalone. Three subclades of Haliotis species appear consistently, each encompassing little variation. They are (A) the North Pacific species, (B) the European species, and (C) the Australia species. The one Caribbean species examined clearly groups with the North Pacific clade, not the European clade. H. midae (South Africa) and H. diversicolor supertexta (Taiwan) both diverge basal to the European and Australian species groups in the phylogenetic trees. Sequence comparisons showed that one species of Haliotis, H. iris from New Zealand, is quite distant from the remaining Haliotis species, almost as much as the more obvious outgroup, the keyhole limpet, an observation common to other DNA sequence analyses of these taxa. Using the rate of nucleotide change calculated from the sister Caribbean-Pacific pair, the length of the H. iris long branch is compatible with the suggestion that its ancestry became isolated on New Zealand at Gondwandan breakup. Use of ITS permits a totally independent estimate of the phylogenetic relationships, yet branching order was very similar to that established using other DNA regions studied previously, including those under strong positive selection. Knowledge of the RNA transcript secondary structure is particularly useful in the optimal alignment of more distantly related taxa. The RNA transcript secondary structure of Haliotis ITS2 shows conservation of features found also in ITS2 of angiosperms and algal taxa. Since ITS, particularly ITS2, is not saturated with nucleotide changes even at the family level, it should be useful for phylogenetic reconstruction of animal groups, not just at the species and genus levels but perhaps also for families and above.
196 citations
TL;DR: None of the physiological and biochemical characteristics considered, including cellular lipids and fatty acid composition, provided evidence for the division of the current genus Sphingomonas, and it is concluded that the genus should remain undivided at this time.
Abstract: The 16S rDNA sequence similarities between the type strains of Sphingomonas paucimobilis and 32 other Sphingomonas species range from 90.2 to 99.6%. It might be possible to divide the genus into several new genera according to a dendrogram drawn from 16S rDNA sequence similarity. However, the phenotypic and biochemical information needed to define clusters of strains representing distinct genera within this group of organisms was not previously available. Although the cellular lipids of type strains of all 28 Sphingomonas species tested contained glucuronosyl-(1 --> 1)-ceramide together with 2-hydroxymyristic acid, other molecular species of sphingoglycolipids were distributed randomly. Sphingomonas natatoria and Sphingomonas ursincola, bacteriochlorophyll a-containing, gram-negative facultative phototrophs, belong to the cluster of the genus Sphingomonas. Other phototrophic Porphyrobacter and Erythrobacter species in the Sphingomonadaceae were classified into a cluster different from the genus Sphingomonas, as reported previously. None of the physiological and biochemical characteristics considered, including cellular lipids and fatty acid composition, provided evidence for the division of the current genus Sphingomonas. It is therefore concluded that the genus Sphingomonas should remain undivided at this time. The species of three recently proposed genera, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis, in conjunction with Blastobacter ursincola, are junior objective synonyms of species of the genus Sphingomonas.
172 citations
TL;DR: It is found that all sampled species of Nannoglottis are a well-defined monophyly, and the molecular infragenetic phylogeny of the genus identifies two distinct clades, which reject the earlier infrageneric classification based on the arrangement of the involucral bracts and the length of the ligules, but agree well with the habits and ecological preferences of its current species.
154 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The state of affairs concerning species designation based on phylogeny in the genus Acanthamoeba, another free-living amoeba with species pathogenic to man, is discussed and two lineages are discussed and identified as separate species.
Abstract: Summary. The amoeboflagellate genus Naegleria contains pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. As most species are morphologically indistinguishable, species are defined and identified by molecular methods. For routine identification, isoenzyme analyses are performed. For the description of a new species, sequences of ribosomal DNA are increasingly used and the analyses of these sequences also allow us to define the phylogenetic relationships between species and strains. In the present monograph 27 Naegleria lineages are discussed and identified as separate species. Using molecular methods, Naegleria spp. have been identified which either form dividing flagellates or which do not form flagellates at all, thus contradicting the accepted definition of the genus. Willaertia, which forms dividing flagellates, is the genus that is the closest relative of the genus Naegleria. The genus Naegleria has some particularities in its molecular biology, such as circular ribosomal DNA plasmids, group I introns in the small and large subunit ribosomal DNA, and an unusual pyrophosphate-dependant phosphofructokinase. The phylogeny of the Naegleria spp. is compared to the situation concerning the other genera of the familyVahlkampfiidae. Also discussed is the state of affairs concerning species designation based on phylogeny in the genus Acanthamoeba, another free-living amoeba with species pathogenic to man.
152 citations
TL;DR: Easy handling, rapid identification within 25 h starting from a single colony, a satisfactory differentiation capacity and low cost, render FT-IR technology clearly superior over other routine methods for the identification of coryneform bacteria and related taxa.
Abstract: An extensive Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy database for the identification of bacteria from the two suborders Micrococcineae and Corynebacterineae (Actinomycetales, Actinobacteria) as well as other morphologically similar genera was established. The database consists of averaged IR spectra from 730 reference strains, covering 220 different species out of 46 genera. A total of 192 species are represented by type strains. The identity of 352 reference strains was determined by comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis and, if necessary, strains were reclassified accordingly. FT-IR frequency ranges, weights and reproducibility levels were optimized for this section of high-G+C gram-positive bacteria. In an internal validation, 98.1% of 208 strains were correctly identified at the species level. A simulated external validation which was carried out using 544 strains from 54 species out of 16 genera resulted in a correct identification of 87.3% at the species level and 95.4% at the genus level. The performance of this identification system is well within the range of those having been reported in the literature for the identification of coryneform bacteria by phenotypical methods. Coryneform and related taxa display a certain degree of overlapping distribution of different taxonomical markers, leading to a limited differentiation capacity of non-genotypical identification methods in general. However, easy handling, rapid identification within 25 h starting from a single colony, a satisfactory differentiation capacity and low cost, render FT-IR technology clearly superior over other routine methods for the identification of coryneform bacteria and related taxa.
TL;DR: P. multistriata was the only one found to produce domoic acid among all the Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Gulf of Naples, and this finding raises the number of potentially toxic species in this genus to nine.
Abstract: The genus Pseudo-nitzschia includes several species capable of producing domoic acid, the causative agent of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning. Some of these species have been recorded frequently in the Gulf of Naples. For one of the species, P. multistriata, which has been recurrently found in our sampling area since 1995, this is the first report for European waters. Here we provide further details on the fine structure of this species. Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata was the only one found to produce domoic acid among all the Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Gulf of Naples, and this finding raises the number of potentially toxic species in this genus to nine. Phylogenetic relationships among several Pseudo-nitzschia species were assessed using the hypervariable domains (D1–D3) of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA. The match between the phylogeny obtained and important taxonomic characters used in this genus are discussed. Results show that P. multistriata clusters with wider species lacking a central larger inters...
TL;DR: The genus Peronospora is emended and its type species, P. rumicis, is redescribed and illustrated and a new genus, Hyaloper onospora Constant.
Abstract: The genus Peronospora is emended and its type species, P. rumicis, is redescribed and illustrated. A new genus, Hyaloperonospora Constant., with 6 new combinations (H. floerkeae, H. lepidii-perfoliati, H. lunariae, H. niessleana, H. parasitica, and H. tri
TL;DR: The phylogenetic status of the family Halomonadaceae, which consists of the genera Halomonas, Chromohalobacter and Zymobacter, is evaluated by comparative 23S and 16S rDNA analyses and it is proposed to include the genus Carnimonas, with its single species Carnamonas nigrificans, in thefamily Halomondaceae.
Abstract: In this study, we have evaluated the phylogenetic status of the family Halomonadaceae, which consists of the genera Halomonas, Chromohalobacter and Zymobacter, by comparative 23S and 16S rDNA analyses. The genus Halomonas illustrates very well a situation that occurs often in bacterial taxonomy. The use of phylogenetic tools has permitted the grouping of several genera and species believed to be unrelated according to conventional taxonomic techniques. In addition, the number of species of the genus Halomonas has increased as a consequence of new descriptions, particularly during the last few years, but their features are too heterogeneous to justify their placement in the same genus and, therefore, a re-evaluation seems necessary. We have determined the complete sequences (about 2900 bases) of the 23S rDNA of 18 species of the genera Halomonas and Chromohalobacter and resequenced the complete 16S rDNA sequences of seven species of Halomonas. The results of our analysis show that two phylogenetic groups (respectively containing five and seven species) can be distinguished within the genus Halomonas. Six other species cannot be assigned to either of the above-mentioned groups. Furthermore, Halomonas marina forms a separate branch at a deeper level than the other species of the genus Halomonas, which suggests that it should be ascribed to a separate genus. The genus Chromohalobacter forms a monophyletic group constituted by Chromohalobacter marismortui, the recently reclassified species Chromohalobacter canadensis and Chromohalobacter israelensis and the recently proposed species Chromohalobacter salexigens. Finally, we propose to include the genus Carnimonas, with its single species Carnimonas nigrificans, in the family Halomonadaceae.
TL;DR: Teeth with the Paronychodon-like features of a flat surface with longitudinal ridges on one side are resolved into a few discrete morphotypes, and although the teeth are morphologically distinct, they are not easily distinguished by quantitative means.
Abstract: A collection of over 1,700 small theropod teeth from the Judith River Group (Campanian; ∼79.5–74 Ma) allows our understanding of the diversity and variation of small theropods in this assemblage to be refined. In addition to the previously recognized taxa, a series of morphologically distinct groups are recognized that may represent distinct taxa in some cases. Teeth with the Paronychodon-like features of a flat surface with longitudinal ridges on one side are resolved into a few discrete morphotypes. Two of these are included in Paronychodon lacustris and two additional morphotypes are hypothesized to represent distinct taxa, here referred to as ?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A and Genus and species indet. A. The teeth of Paronychodon lacustris and ?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A share a distinctive wear pattern that suggests tooth functioning involved contact between the flat surfaces of opposing teeth. Two species of Richardoestesia, R. gilmorei and R. isosceles, are present in the assemblage. Addition...
TL;DR: Arahal et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a new genus, Cobetia gen. nov. within the family Halomonadaceae, based on a new description of Halomonas marina.
TL;DR: Cyanobacterial genus and species Spirirestis rafaelensis is described from soils of a semi-arid Utah juniper community in the San Rafael Swell, Utah, and 16S rRNA sequence data suggest that Spiritestis is more closely related toMembers of the Microchaetaceae than to members of the Scytonemataceae or Rivulariaceae.
Abstract: A new cyanobacterial genus and species, Spirirestis rafaelensis , is described from soils of a semi-arid Utah juniper community in the San Rafael Swell, Utah, U.S.A. Multiple isolates of the organism have only been recovered from well-crusted, protected, and totally undisturbed soils at this site; it has not been recovered from any of the other 40 sites we have examined in the Sonoran, Mojave, Chihuahuan, Colorado Plateau, or Great Basin deserts during the last eight years. Spirirestis shares morphological characters with members of both the Scytonemataceae and Microchaetaceae, principally heterocyte formation, false branching, and presence of sheath. However, unlike the trichomes of all previously described genera in these families, most trichomes of Spirirestis are tightly spiraled. 16S rRNA sequence data suggest that Spirirestis is more closely related to members of the Microchaetaceae than to members of the Scytonemataceae or Rivulariaceae. The data also support the maintenance of Microchaetaceae and Scytonemataceae as separate families.
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This latest Vascular Flora of Illinois includes over thirty-two hundred species, an increase of almost three hundred since 1986, and for the first time, taxa below the rank of species are recognized and may be identified by keys.
Abstract: The first flora of Illinois was prepared in 1846 by Dr. Samuel B. Mead, a physician from Augusta, Illinois. Between 1846 and 1963, several people published plant lists and floras for various parts of Illinois. In 1975, Robert H. Mohlenbrock published his first edition of Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois, followed by a second expanded and revised edition in 1986. This latest Vascular Flora of Illinois includes over thirty-two hundred species, an increase of almost three hundred since 1986. In addition, for the first time, taxa below the rank of species are recognized and may be identified by keys. Investigating seldom-visited patches of prairies, wetlands, and forested canyons, Mohlenbrock has added several native species to this flora. And while there has been extensive exploration for plants, Mohlenbrock has also researched the herbaria in an attempt to verify previous reports of records of Illinois plants. Because of a reinterpretation of existing genera, the number of genera of Illinois plants has increased markedly. Recent biosystematic techniques have begun to substantiate the genera that botanists such as John Kunkel Small, Per Axel Rydberg, and Edmund C. Greene proposed nearly a century ago. The sequence of groups in this book is ferns, conifers, and flowering plants, with dicotyledons given before monocotyledons. Within each group, the families are arranged alphabetically, as are the genera within each family and the species within each genus. For each taxon recognized in this book, Mohlenbrock gives a common name if one is generally used in Illinois. He follows this by an indication of flowering time for flowering plants and of spore-production time for ferns and their relatives. He also provides a habitat statement and a general comment on distribution in Illinois for each taxon. Synonyms for some other scientific names used previously for a taxon appear in italics. This book contains indexes both for common names and for family and genus names.
TL;DR: Results challenge previous views that Mexican amber was produced by the South American species H. verrucosa, a relict surviving in East Africa, and place it in the primitive section Trachylobium of the genus Hymenaea in the caesalpinoid legumes.
TL;DR: In this article, DNA sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II (COII) region was used to examine genetic variation in the termite genus Reticulitermes Holmgren.
Abstract: DNA sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II (COII) region was used to examine genetic variation in the termite genus Reticulitermes Holmgren. We examined 21 species and subspecies from three continents. Sequencing of a 677-bp region of a 780-bp amplicon from 41 individuals and from 17 sequences obtained from GenBank revealed 221 polymor- phic sites within the genus. TajimaÐNei distances from species ranged from 0.9 to 12.7%, and parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis revealed several clades within the genus. Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) formed a distinct clade along with R. santonensis De Feytaud. European R. lucifugus (Rossi) formed a distinct clade with R. banyulensis (Beziers). Turkish R. lucifugus was distinct relative to European R. lucifugus, and along with R. clypeatus Lash from Israel formed a sister group with R. balkanensis Clement from Greece. This study provides support for the separation of Turkish R. lucifugus from European members of the species. This mitochondrial DNA marker was also able to identify several Reticulitermes specimens from Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and South Korea to R. flavipes, R. hageni Banks, R. virginicus (Banks), and R. speratus Shimizu.
TL;DR: The hybodont form genus Lissodus is taken under revision and found to comprise a number of lineages, and two new genera, Vectiselachos, gen. nov. and Parvodus, are described.
Abstract: The hybodont form genus Lissodus is taken under revision and found to comprise a number of lineages. Twelve species, stratigraphically extended from the Scythian, Lower Triassic to the Albian, Lower Cretaceous, are retained in Lissodus s.s. Thirteen other species can be included in Lonchidion, here considered as a justified genus, ranging from the Ladinian in the Middle Triassic to the Maastrichtian in the Upper Cretaceous. Of the species previously included in Lissodus, two new genera, Vectiselachos, gen. nov. and Parvodus, gen. nov., are described. Vectiselachos is at present a monotypic genus including a single species from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. Parvodus comprises three species and is known from the Bathonian, Middle Jurassic to the Valanginian, Lower Cretaceous. Another species is placed in Steinbachodus, expanding the stratigraphical range of the genus from the Rhaetian in the Upper Triassic to the Cenomanian in the Upper Cretaceous. Palaeozoic small-toothed hybodonts are extremely poorly known and alleged Lissodus species fall into two genera, but these are at present kept in open nomenclature. The family Lonchidiidae is considered justified and includes the genera Lissodus, Lonchidion, Vectiselachos, Hylaeobatis and Parvodus.
TL;DR: Three analyses identified Sideritis cossoniana, an annual species from Morocco, as the closest continental relative of the Macaronesian group, contrasting with the hypothesis of earlier workers who suggested that the insular taxa were most closely related to eastern Mediterranean species of the genus.
TL;DR: Maximum parsimony analyses of 54 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were conducted to test sectional relationships in Rhizopogon and examine phylogenetic relationships with the closely related epigeous genus, Suillus.
Abstract: Rhizopogon (Basidiomycota, Boletales) is a genus of hypogeous fungi that form ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Pinaceae. This genus comprises an estimated 100+ species, with ...
TL;DR: Evidence of multiple, independent origins of polyploidy occurring in the African Cyprinine cyprinids provides a significant contribution to the knowledge on the systematic diversity of these fishes, and warrants a thorough taxonomic reorganization of the genus Barbus.
Abstract: The cyprinid genus Barbus, with more than 800 nominal species, is an apparently polyphyletic assemblage to which a number of unrelated species, groups and/or assemblages have been assigned. It includes species that exhibit three different ploidy levels: diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid. Several lineages of the family Cyprinidae constitute a major component of the African freshwater ichthyofauna, having about 500 species, and fishes assigned to the genus 'Barbus' have the most species on the continent. We used complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in order to infer phylogenetic relationships between diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of 'Barbus' occurring in southern Africa, the only region where representatives of all of the three ploidy levels occur. The results indicate that most of the lineages are incorrectly classified in the genus 'Barbus'. The southern African tetraploids probably originated from southern African diploids. They constitute a monophyletic group distinct from tetraploids occurring in the Euro-Mediterranean region (Barbus sensu stricto). The 'small' African diploid species seem to be paraphyletic, while the 'large' African hexaploid barbs species are of a single, recent origin and form a monophyletic group. The evidence of multiple, independent origins of polyploidy occurring in the African cyprinine cyprinids thus provides a significant contribution to the knowledge on the systematic diversity of these fishes, and warrants a thorough taxonomic reorganization of the genus.
TL;DR: In order to help elucidate confusion in the nomenclature of Rotifera (= Syndermata), an updated checklist is provided, including corrections and additions of family- and genus-group names presently considered valid in the Phylum.
Abstract: In order to help elucidate confusion in the nomenclature of Rotifera (= Syndermata), an updated checklist is provided, including corrections and additions of family- and genus-group names presently considered valid in the Phylum. The species diversity of the Rotifera is illustrated by estimates of the number of valid, named species in each genus. The validity of Paranuraeopsis Koste, 1974 is rejected based on a re-evaluation of its diagnostic features. It is synonymized with Anuraeopsis Lauterborn, 1900. The name Beauchampiella Remane, 1929 is recognized as the valid replacement name for Eudactylota Manfredi, 1927 non Walsingham, 1911 (Insecta), with preference over Manfredium Gallagher, 1957. The priority of Lepadellidae Harring, 1913 over Colurellidae Wesenberg-Lund, 1930 is commented upon.
TL;DR: Se calcula que en Mexico las Euphorbiaceae estan representadas por 43 generos y 782 especies, mas 32 taxa intraespecificos: 8 subespecies y 24 variedades, y propone una lista preliminar de la familia para el pais.
Abstract: It is estimated that in Mexico the Euphorbiaceae are represented by 43 genera and 782 species. In addition, there are 32 infraspecific taxa: 8 subspecies and 24 varieties. A preliminary list of the taxa is provided. The most diverse genera are Euphorbia (241 spp., 31%), Croton (124 spp., 16%), Acalypha (108 spp., 14%), Jatropha (48 spp., 6%), and Phyllanthus (41 spp., 5%). Together, these represent 72% of the species present in Mexico. There is one endemic genus, Enriquebeltrania. It is estimated that 57% of the Mexican species are endemic to the country. Employing the concept of Megamexico, 78% of the species are endemic. There are ten introduced species and one introduced genus (Ricinus). Within the country, the family is most diverse along the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. At the level of genus, the Mexican Euphorbiaceae show a strong affinity with Central and South America. At the level of species, most Mexican Euphorbiaceae are endemic, but of the species that are not, 200 also occur in Central America, 138 in the United States, 85 in South America, and 55 in the Antilles. Almost no Mexican species are found naturally in the Old World. Despite their great systematic and floristic importance, an adequate understanding of the Mexican Euphorbiaceae is still lacking.
TL;DR: Four species, representing both alate and apterous morphs, are preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and are the first fossil records of the polyneopteran insect order Zoraptera, indicating antiquity of the genus Zorotypus and the order.
Abstract: The earliest representatives of the polyneopteran insect order Zoraptera are described and figured. Four species, representing both alate and apterous morphs, are preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma) and are the first fossil records of the order from the Old World and the Mesozoic. Zorotypus cretatus, new species, is represented by an apterous individual of indeterminate sex whereas Z. nascimbenei, new species, is represented by an alate female and Z. acanthothorax, new species, is known from an alate male. Xenozorotypus burmiticus, new genus and species, is represented by an alate male and possesses distinct plesiomorphies suggesting that it may be sister to all other zorapterans (Recent and extinct). Based on some peculiar apomorphies of the metafemoral and terminalic structure as well as wing venation it is placed in a separate genus. These species, particularly Z. cretatus, Z. acanthothorax, and Z. nascimbenei, are remarkably similar to living zorapterans, which indicates antiquity of the genus Zorotypus and the order, the latter perhaps Lowermost Mesozoic in origin. Phylogeny and classification of Polyneoptera is briefly reviewed, and a list of zorapterans and their distributions is updated along with general comments on the evolution of the order.
TL;DR: Comparisons with published data from the putative progenitor species for the autogamous taxa (the widespread, allogamous E. helleborine) suggest iterative origins of autogamy, rather than the self‐pollinating taxa all being merely mutational variants of a single autogaming lineage.
Abstract: The genus Epipactis contains a problematical complex of autogamous taxa among which species limits are difficult to define. Different authors have treated these plants in different ways, some recognizing the different taxa as distinct species, others considering them as minor intraspecific variants. These contrasting treatments have a direct impact on the conservation resources and status such plants command; 'endemic orchid species' are perceived as having high conservation value, 'localized minor variants' are not. We used allozyme and chloroplast restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing analyses to investigate patterns of population genetic structure underlying the taxonomic complexity in this group. Populations of E. dunensis, E. leptochila and E. muelleri were homozygous and uniform for all loci studied here. There were, however, fixed genetic differences among these taxa. Comparisons with published data from the putative progenitor species for the autogamous taxa (the widespread, allogamous E. helleborine) suggest iterative origins of autogamy, rather than the self-pollinating taxa all being merely mutational variants of a single autogamous lineage.
TL;DR: The Yuanmou hominid remains are coeval with or older than African specimens dated at about 1.8 m.y.a. as discussed by the authors, which is the oldest reliable evidence for the emergence of Homo in eastern Asia.