Showing papers on "Human migration published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an empirical model of migration choice across multiple destinations that allows for unobserved individual heterogeneity and derive a structural estimating equation, showing that international migration flows are highly responsive to income per capita at destination.
Abstract: This article makes two contributions to the literature on the determinants of international migration flows. First, we compile a new dataset on annual bilateral migration flows covering 15 OECD destination countries and 120 sending countries for the period 1980–2006. The dataset also contains data on time-varying immigration policies that regulate the entry of immigrants in our destination countries over this period. Second, we present an empirical model of migration choice across multiple destinations that allows for unobserved individual heterogeneity and derive a structural estimating equation. Our estimates show that international migration flows are highly responsive to income per capita at destination. This elasticity is twice as high for within-European Union (EU) migration, reflecting the higher degree of labor mobility within the EU. We also find that tightening of laws regulating immigrant entry reduce rapidly and significantly their flow.
412 citations
03 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Sorensen and Gammeltoft-Hansen as discussed by the authors discuss the role of non-state actors in the migration industry and the role played by the private border guard.
Abstract: Introduction Ninna Nyberg Sorensen and Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen 1. Conceptualizing the Migration Industry Ruben Hernandez-Leon 2. The Migration Industry in Global Migration Governance Alexander Betts 3. Migration Trajectories and the Migration Industry: Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Examples from Asia Ernst Spaan and Felicitas Hillmann 4. The Migration Industry and Development States in East Asia Kristin Surak 5. The Neoliberalized State and the Growth of the Migration Industry Georg Menz 6. The Rise of the Private Border Guard: Governance and Accountability in the Involvement of Non-State Actors in Migration Management Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen 7. Private Security Companies and the European Borderscapes Martin Lemberg-Pedersen 8. Pusher Stories: Ghanaian Connection men and the Expansion of the EU's Border Regimes into Africa Hans Lucht 9. Document Falsifiers and Travel Agents: Producing the Migrant Subject in Peru Ulla Berg and Carla Tamagno 10. Public Officials and the Migration Industry in Guatemala: Greasing the Wheels of a Corrupt Machine Isabel Rosales Sandoval 11. Migration between Social and Criminal Networks: Jumping the Remains of the Honduran Migration Train Ninna Nyberg Sorensen
330 citations
163 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that adverse environmental conditions do not consistently increase rural out-migration and, in some cases, reduce migration, and support an alternative narrative of environmentally induced migration that recognizes the adaptability of rural households in responding to environmental change.
Abstract: The question of whether environmental conditions influence human migration has recently gained considerable attention, driven by claims that global environmental change will displace large populations. Despite this high level of interest, few quantitative studies have investigated the potential effects of environmental factors on migration, particularly in the developing world and for gradual but pervasive forms of environmental change. To address this, a retrospective migration survey was conducted in rural Ecuador and linked to data on topography, climate, and weather shocks. These data were used to estimate multivariate event history models of alternative forms of mobility (local mobility, internal migration, and international migration), controlling for a large number of covariates. This approach is generalizable to other study areas and responds to calls for the development of more rigorous methods in this field. The results indicate that adverse environmental conditions do not consistently increase rural out-migration and, in some cases, reduce migration. Instead, households respond to environmental factors in diverse ways, resulting in complex migratory responses. Overall, the results support an alternative narrative of environmentally induced migration that recognizes the adaptability of rural households in responding to environmental change.
143 citations
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01 Dec 2013TL;DR: In this paper, an introduction to the study of climate and migration is presented, including the reasons why people migrate and how people migrate in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.
Abstract: 1. An introduction to the study of climate and migration 2. Why people migrate 3. Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climatic variability and change 4. Extreme weather events and migration 5. River valley flooding and migration 6. Drought and its influence on migration 7. Mean sea level rise and its implications for migration and migration policy 8. Emergent issues in climate and migration research.
132 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that households subjected to very recent drought conditions are less likely to send a U.S. migrant, but in communities with drought two years prior and with strong migration histories, emigration is much more likely.
Abstract: Variability associated with climate change will most likely increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes (Trenberth et al. 2007) and more prolonged, lower-intensity events such as droughts (Kundzewicz 2007). Both of these phenomena might alter patterns of human migration (e.g., Gutmann and Field 2010), an issue that has increasingly garnered attention among the public as well as in policy and academic realms (Hartmann 2010). Our analytical focus is on Mexico-U.S. migration, one of the largest and longest-sustained international flows of people in the world (Massey and Sana 2003) and the main source of both legal and undocumented migration into the U.S. (Passel and Cohn 2011). Even so, only a handful of peer-reviewed studies exist on potential environmental factors shaping Mexico-U.S. migration.
Most scholars contend that climate change will likely increase mobility within a nation’s borders rather than create a wave of international “climate refugees” (e.g., Bardsley and Hugo 2010; Hartmann 2010). Yet, the association between climatic variability and migration distance is contingent on factors such as household socioeconomic status (Gray 2009, Gray and Mueller 2012a, 2012b). Further, internal or international migrant networks play a key role in determining whether people move within or across national boundaries in response to economic conditions (Lindstrom and Lauster 2001). In the Mexican setting, a strong association has been identified between migrant networks and migration (Massey and Riosmena 2010) especially from rural areas (Fussell and Massey 2004). Likewise, prior migration experience within the household decreases the uncertainty surrounding, and costs associated with, subsequent migration thereby facilitating mobility (e.g., Massey and Espinosa 1997). As such, we argue migrant networks and prior migration experience will be important mediators on whether migration is used as an adaptation strategy to economic and social vulnerability associated with climatic stress and variability.
To test the association between broad availability of migrant networks, U.S.-bound migration and environmental stress and variability, we model the association between variation in state-level rainfall and U.S.-bound migration from Mexico’s historical sending regions as contrasted with other regions. We use data from 66 rural communities surveyed by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). Although substantial research has examined the social, economic, and policy drivers of Mexican migration to the U.S. (e.g., Angelucci, forthcoming; Hamilton and Villarreal 2011; Lindstrom and Lauster 2001; Massey et al. 1987; Massey and Espinosa 1997), less is known about the environmental dimensions of migration streams.
126 citations
TL;DR: A decrease in precipitation is significantly associated with U.S.-bound migration, but only for dry Mexican states, suggesting that programs and policies aimed at reducing Mexico-U.S. migration should seek to diminish the climate/weather vulnerability of rural Mexican households, for example by supporting sustainable irrigation systems and subsidizing drought-resistant crops.
Abstract: Environmental and climatic changes have shaped human mobility for thousands of years and research on the migration-environment connection has proliferated in the past several years. Even so, little work has focused on Latin America or on international movement. Given rural Mexico’s dependency on primary sector activities involving various natural resources, and the existence of well-established transnational migrant networks, we investigate the association between rainfall patterns and U.S.-bound migration from rural locales, a topic of increasing policy relevance. The new economics of labor migration theory provides background, positing that migration represents a household-level risk management strategy. We use data from the year 2000 Mexican census for rural localities and socioeconomic and state-level precipitation data provided by the Mexican National Institute for Statistics and Geography. Multilevel models assess the impact of rainfall change on household-level international out-migration while controlling for relevant sociodemographic and economic factors. A decrease in precipitation is significantly associated with U.S.-bound migration, but only for dry Mexican states. This finding suggests that programs and policies aimed at reducing Mexico-U.S. migration should seek to diminish the climate/weather vulnerability of rural Mexican households, for example by supporting sustainable irrigation systems and subsidizing drought-resistant crops.
116 citations
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TL;DR: The authors found evidence of positive selection, but the migrants' gains were large, and a substantial amount of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration, but they did not find evidence that positive selection was prevalent among migrants.
Abstract: The onset of World War I spurred the "Great Migration" of African Americans from the U.S. South, arguably the most important internal migration in U.S. history. We create a new panel dataset of more than 5,000 men matched from the 1910 to 1930 census manuscripts to address three interconnected questions: To what extent was there selection into migration? How large were the migrants' gains? Did migration narrow the racial gap in economic status? We find evidence of positive selection, but the migrants' gains were large. A substantial amount of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
114 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors made a detailed time-space analysis of the migration patterns in China using migration data from 1990 and 2000 censuses and 1995 and 2005 population surveys, and argued that various factors have different characteristics of dynamic response and spatial diffusion.
112 citations
TL;DR: An ancient association is found between Australia, New Guinea, and the Mamanwa (a Negrito group from the Philippines), with divergence times for these groups estimated at 36,000 y ago, supporting the view that these populations represent the descendants of an early “southern route” migration out of Africa, whereas other populations in the region arrived later by a separate dispersal.
Abstract: The Australian continent holds some of the earliest archaeological evidence for the expansion of modern humans out of Africa, with initial occupation at least 40,000 y ago. It is commonly assumed that Australia remained largely isolated following initial colonization, but the genetic history of Australians has not been explored in detail to address this issue. Here, we analyze large-scale genotyping data from aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians and Indians. We find an ancient association between Australia, New Guinea, and the Mamanwa (a Negrito group from the Philippines), with divergence times for these groups estimated at 36,000 y ago, and supporting the view that these populations represent the descendants of an early “southern route” migration out of Africa, whereas other populations in the region arrived later by a separate dispersal. We also detect a signal indicative of substantial gene flow between the Indian populations and Australia well before European contact, contrary to the prevailing view that there was no contact between Australia and the rest of the world. We estimate this gene flow to have occurred during the Holocene, 4,230 y ago. This is also approximately when changes in tool technology, food processing, and the dingo appear in the Australian archaeological record, suggesting that these may be related to the migration from India.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review paper builds on this rich body of literature and engages with critical agrarian studies to better understand rural-urban migration in China from a critical agri-centric perspective.
Abstract: The astonishing scale of internal migration in China since 1980s can be compared to only a few cases in world history. The migration gave birth to a vast number of peasant workers with their family members left behind in rural communities. Dominant studies on migration address mainly the following questions: why people migrate, what impacts migration has brought about, and how to cope with such positive or negative influences. This review paper builds on this rich body of literature and engages with critical agrarian studies. A better understanding of rural-urban migration in China from a critical agrarian studies perspective can be better achieved in the context of the historical emergence of a new (semi-) proletariat class and the biopolitics of their migration. Based on this and the aforementioned discussion, we will point to potential future studies as a conclusion.
TL;DR: It is shown that the global human migration network became more interconnected during the latter half of the twentieth century and that migrant destination choice partly reflects colonial and postcolonial histories, language, religion, and distances.
Abstract: Migration is a powerful adaptive strategy for humans to navigate hardship and pursue a better quality of life. As a universal vehicle facilitating exchanges of ideas, culture, money and goods, international migration is a major contributor to globalization. Consisting of countries linked by multiple connections of human movements, global migration constitutes a network. Despite the important role of human migration in connecting various communities in different parts of the world, the topology and behavior of the international migration network and its changes through time remain poorly understood. Here we show that the global human migration network became more interconnected during the latter half of the twentieth century and that migrant destination choice partly reflects colonial and postcolonial histories, language, religion, and distances. From 1960 to 2000 we found a steady increase in network transitivity (i.e. connectivity between nodes connected to the same node), a decrease in average path length and an upward shift in degree distribution, all of which strengthened the ‘small-world’ behavior of the migration network. Furthermore, we found that distinct groups of countries preferentially interact to form migration communities based largely on historical, cultural and economic factors.
TL;DR: This article used two waves of the Mexican Family Life Survey to longitudinally assess two stages in the migration process, focusing on the moment at which an individual aspires to intermunicipal, interstate, and international migration but a move has yet to occur.
Abstract: Do aspirations to migrate predict subsequent behavior? Although research considers a migration orientation as indicative of future migration, no work establishes an empirical link in Mexico, which is the origin of a large number of migrants to the United States. Building upon the general model of migration decision-making proposed by De Jong (2000) , this research uses two waves of the Mexican Family Life Survey to longitudinally assess two stages in the migration process. The first stage focuses on the moment at which an individual aspires to intermunicipal, interstate, and international migration but a move has yet to occur. The second stage longitudinally assesses the link between these three types of migration aspirations and subsequent behavior. Results show that aspiring to migrate to the US predicts subsequent migration to the US. Similarly, aspirations to intermunicipal and interstate migration are predictive of subsequent intermunicipal and interstate migration.
TL;DR: A major cause of migration is the growing inequality in incomes and human security between more-and less-developed countries as discussed by the authors, which is a crucial element in global integration, and increasing migration does not shift their social existence from one society to another, but maintain transnational connections.
Abstract: Movements of people are a crucial element in global integration. Most destination countries favour entry of the highly skilled, but restrict entry of lower-skilled workers, asylum seekers and refugees. A major cause of migration is the growing inequality in incomes and human security between more- and less-developed countries. Further driving factors include uneven economic development; rapid demographic transitions; and technological advances in transport and communications. Increasingly migrants do not shift their social existence from one society to another, but maintain transnational connections. The global economic crisis since 2008 has brought a hiatus in some of these factors, but has not undermined their long-term significance. Australia's traditional model of permanent-settlement migration needs to be adjusted to the new realities of global mobility and connectivity.
TL;DR: A novel palaeohydrological and hydraulic modelling approach is used to test the hypothesis that under wetter climates c.100,000 years ago major river systems ran north across the Sahara to the Mediterranean, creating viable migration routes, and confirms that three of these now buried palaeo river systems could have been active at the key time of human migrationAcross the Sahara.
Abstract: Human migration north through Africa is contentious. This paper uses a novel palaeohydrological and hydraulic modelling approach to test the hypothesis that under wetter climates c.100,000 years ago major river systems ran north across the Sahara to the Mediterranean, creating viable migration routes. We confirm that three of these now buried palaeo river systems could have been active at the key time of human migration across the Sahara. Unexpectedly, it is the most western of these three rivers, the Irharhar river, that represents the most likely route for human migration. The Irharhar river flows directly south to north, uniquely linking the mountain areas experiencing monsoon climates at these times to temperate Mediterranean environments where food and resources would have been abundant. The findings have major implications for our understanding of how humans migrated north through Africa, for the first time providing a quantitative perspective on the probabilities that these routes were viable for human habitation at these times.
TL;DR: In this article, a brief overview of current scholarly understanding of climate change-related migration processes, identifies recent developments and current challenges in modelling, and suggests opportunities for enhancing future modelling efforts.
Abstract: Climatic variability and change is known to influence human migration patterns. Researchers increasingly see migration as one of a range of potential means by which populations may adapt to the future impacts of climate change. Modelling of climate change-related migration is a relatively new undertaking. This article provides a brief overview of current scholarly understanding of climate change-related migration processes, identifies recent developments and current challenges in modelling, and suggests opportunities for enhancing future modelling efforts. Given the lack of reliable global datasets on environmentally related migration, regional and sub-regional modelling of climate change effects on migration is where most developments are likely to emerge in the short-run. Such models, which can draw on a range of GIS-based and statistical approaches, at present make use of fairly general assumptions about migration behavior, and therefore best serve as gauges of potential trends and migration hotspots, and not as absolute predictors of future migrant numbers. Models will become increasingly sophisticated as scholarly understanding of underlying factors influencing migration behavior, such as risk perception, social networks, and labor market connections, is improved. Obtaining reliable data for use in such models will remain a significant challenge in coming years. International policymakers seeking to expand the predictive capacity of models are encouraged to use existing mechanisms such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to develop protocols and mechanisms for collecting and sharing reliable data on climate-related population movements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the movement and migration of domestic practices, acknowledging that they are constantly shifting from one relatively stable form to another, and introduce the concept of practice memory to explain how some practices thought to be "dead" can be resurrected with relative ease.
TL;DR: In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of circular migration for all parties are discussed and recent policy initiatives that aim to manage circular labor movement are also analyzed, as well as the consequences of restrictive migration policies.
Abstract: Circular migration receives increasing attention due to its empirical relevance and as a policy concept to manage labor flows. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of circular movements for all parties. It studies the characteristics of circular movers worldwide and investigates the consequences of restrictive migration policies. Recent policy initiatives that aim to manage circular labor movement are also analyzed.
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04 Nov 2013
TL;DR: The earliest human migration dates from 200,000 BCE to the present date can be found in the Chronology of Human Migrations and as World History as mentioned in this paper, with a focus on migration in world history and as world history.
Abstract: Series Editors' Preface Preface: Migration in World History and as World History 1. Earliest Human Migrations: ca. 200,000 BCE to ca. 600 CE 2. Mixing and Clashing Migrations, 600 CE to 1450 3. Migrations Start to Reconnect the World, 1450 to 1750 4. National and International Migrations, 1750 to 1914 5. Migrations in an Age of Globalization, 1914 to the Present Chronology Notes Further Reading Websites Index
Abstract: Empirical work on the relationship between environmental stress and human migration has blossomed over the last 10 years. While such work has provided important insights into this relationship, there has been, to date, limited effort expended on generating a generalisable framework for apprehending such interactions. This paper seeks to address this deficit. Based on semi-structured interviews in two sending and four receiving areas in northern Ethiopia, it explores dominant mobility narratives among populations whose livelihoods are exposed to a range of environmental stresses. Analysis of these narratives corroborates findings from other empirical studies on the subject, highlighting how the impact of environmental stress on human mobility can only be understood within the context in which it occurs. To this end the paper attempts to generate a typology of interactions between environmental and non-environmental factors shaping mobility. The typology is based on four effects: additive, enabling, vulnerability and barrier effects. It is thought to provide a generalisable conceptual language which is capable of describing the role of environmental stress in mobility decisions and thereby offering a systematic means for thinking through the processes by which environmental stress impacts upon mobility. While the framework is hypothesised to be suitably generalisable to account for other contexts and other environmental stresses, this still needs to be tested. In addition it is acknowledged that the framework suffers from some major limitations. Most notable is reliance on a conceptually false distinction between environmental and non-environmental factors, and the inability to account for the non-environmental features which shape perceptions of migration.
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17 Jun 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present new research on post-accession migration from Central and Eastern Europe in the short period since the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007, and explain the complexities of these phenomena, including young migrants, often students or graduates, without family obligations and without clear plans concerning their future life.
Abstract: This volume presents new research on post-accession migration from Central and Eastern Europe in the short period since the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007. Explanations of post-accession migration patterns, trends and mechanisms delve into the complexities of these phenomena. New groups of migrants and types of migrations are identified -- such as young migrants, often students or graduates, without family obligations and without clear plans concerning their future life. Case studies on Poland, Romania, Hungary and Latvia as well as the United Kingdom and Germany - being major destination countries - divulge the multifaceted nature of transition, whether in the form of labour migration, short-term mobility (including among international students) or return migration. The volume insightfully points towards future migration trends and sets guidelines for further research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the reasons why nurses continue migrating across international borders and conclude that nurses migrate for a wide variety of reasons as they respond to push and pull factors, such as financial, professional, political, social and personal factors.
Abstract: Aim To identify the reasons why nurses continue migrating across international borders.
Background International nurse recruitment and migration have been increasing in the last decade and recent trends show an increase in the movement of nurses between developing and developed countries, resulting in a worldwide shortage of nurses.
Methods A manual and electronic database literature search was conducted from January 2004 to May 2010. Qualitative content analysis was completed for the final 17 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria.
Results Motivators to nurse migration were linked to financial, professional, political, social and personal factors. Although economic factors were the most commonly reported, they were not the only reason for migration. This was especially evident among nurses migrating between developed countries.
Conclusion Nurses migrate for a wide variety of reasons as they respond to push and pull factors.
Implications for nursing management It is important for nurse managers in the source countries to advocate incentives to retain nurses. In the recipient countries the number of international nurses continues to increase implying the need for more innovative ways to mentor and orientate these nurses.
TL;DR: This paper examined the role of local recruitment agencies in facilitating post-accession east European migration to the UK and found that recruitment agents played a key role in facilitating further migration from Eastern Europe.
Abstract: This paper examines the role of local recruitment agencies in facilitating post-accession east European migration to the UK. Although it is widely acknowledged that transnational labour market intermediaries are contributing to all three stages of labour migration involving the recruitment of workers, their movement across borders and their placement in employment, less attention has focused on the role of local or national agencies that, it is argued, exert considerable leverage on migration flows. Drawing on case study research undertaken with east European migrants in a small underperforming local labour market, the paper explores the ways in which local or lone recruitment agents have become embedded as key institutional actors in transnational networks and examines their role as migration mediators. The expansion of flexible, deregulated labour markets and the coincident growth in temporary agency work have created a regulatory context whereby the ‘management’ of east European migration to the UK through the Worker Registration Scheme actually contributed to the growth in local agency employment by enabling migrants to fulfil their immigration requirements. It is argued that once embedded within migrant networks and ethically segregated labour markets, agencies have played a key role in facilitating further migration from Eastern Europe. The discursive construction of migrants as ‘temporary workers’ coupled with the association of precarious agency employment with ‘migrant work’ has further cemented this relationship. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how taking into account the sequential nature of migration decisions leads to write the bilateral migration rate as a function of expectations about the evolution of economic conditions in alternative destinations.
Abstract: The European crisis has diverted migration flows away from countries affected by the recession towards Germany. The diversion process creates a challenge for traditional discrete-choice models that assume that only bilateral factors account for dyadic migration rates. This paper shows how taking into account the sequential nature of migration decisions leads to write the bilateral migration rate as a function of expectations about the evolution of economic conditions in alternative destinations. Empirically, we incorporate 10-year bond yields as an explanatory variable capturing forward-looking expectations and apply our model to an empirical analysis of migration from the countries of the European Economic Association to Germany in the period 2006-2012. We show that disregarding alternative destinations leads to substantial biases in the estimation of the determinants of migration rates.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic differentials between temporary and permanent labour migration at the national level and examines the socioeconomic determinants of temporary labour migration in the state level were studied using the recently available Indian National Sample Survey (2007-08).
Abstract: Temporary labour migration has rarely been studied at macro level despite its high prevalence in India. Drawing from the recently available Indian National Sample Survey (2007–08), this paper aims to study the basic differentials between temporary and permanent labour migration at the national level and examines the socioeconomic determinants of temporary labour migration at the state level. The study shows that temporary migration is seven times larger than permanent migration, and is largely a rural phenomenon dominated by rural to urban migration. A regional pattern in temporary labour migration is evident in the low-income Central and North Indian states. Low economic, educational and social status significantly induces temporary labour migration in contrast to permanent labour migration. As such, temporary labour migration appears to be a survival strategy of the rural poor in India.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of rural-urban migration in China and Indonesia is presented, where the authors assess the welfare of Migrant and Non-migrant households in four Indonesian cities: some Demographic, social and employment characteristics.
Abstract: Contents: 1. The Great Migration in China and Indonesia: Trends and Institutions Xin Meng and Chris Manning PART I: CHINA 2. Why Don't More Chinese Migrate from the Countryside? Institutional Constraints and the Migration Decision Leng Lee and Xin Meng 3. Jobs, Working Hours and Remuneration Packages for Migrant and Urban Workers Paul Frijters, Leng Lee and Xin Meng 4. Wage Structures and Inequality Among Local and Migrant Workers in Urban China Deng Quheng and Li Shi 5. The Educational and Health Outcomes of the Children of Migrants Sherry Tao Kong and Xin Meng 6. Rural-Urban Migration and Poverty in China Chuliang Luo and Ximing Yue 7. Rural-Urban Migration in China: Survey Design and Implementation Sherry Tao Kong PART II: INDONESIA 8. Assessing the Welfare of Migrant and Non-migrant Households in Four Indonesian Cities: Some Demographic, Social and Employment Characteristics Tadjuddin Noer Effendi, Mujiyani, Fina Itriyati, Danang Arif Darmawan and Derajad S. Widhyharto 9. The Socio-economic and Health Status of Rural-Urban Migrants in Indonesia Budy P. Resosudarmo, Asep Suryahadi, Raden M. Purnagunawan, Athia Yumna and Asri Yusrina 10. Making It in the City: Recent and Long-term Migrants in the Urban Labour Market in Indonesia Armida Alisjahbana and Chris Manning 11. Rural-Urban Migration in Indonesia: Survey Design and Implementation Budy P. Resosudarmo, Chikako Yamauchi and Tadjuddin Noer Effendi References Index
TL;DR: Demographically-stratified HPM and malaria movement estimates can provide quantitative evidence to inform the design of more efficient intervention and surveillance strategies that are targeted to specific regions and population groups.
Abstract: Introduction: The quantification of parasite movements can provide valuable information for control strategy planning across all transmission intensities. Mobile parasite carrying individuals can instigate transmission in receptive areas, spread drug resistant strains and reduce the effectiveness of control strategies. The identification of mobile demographic groups, their routes of travel and how these movements connect differing transmission zones, potentially enables limited resources for interventions to be efficiently targeted over space, time and populations. Methods: National population censuses and household surveys provide individual-level migration, travel, and other data relevant for understanding malaria movement patterns. Together with existing spatially referenced malaria data and mathematical models, network analysis techniques were used to quantify the demographics of human and malaria movement patterns in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Movement networks were developed based on connectivity and magnitudes of flow within each country and compared to assess relative differences between regions and demographic groups. Additional malaria-relevant characteristics, such as short-term travel and bed net use, were also examined. Results: Patterns of human and malaria movements varied between demographic groups, within country regions and between countries. Migration rates were highest in 20–30 year olds in all three countries, but when accounting for malaria prevalence, movements in the 10–20 year age group became more important. Different age and sex groups also exhibited substantial variations in terms of the most likely sources, sinks and routes of migration and malaria movement, as well as risk factors for infection, such as short-term travel and bed net use. Conclusion: Census and survey data, together with spatially referenced malaria data, GIS and network analysis tools, can be valuable for identifying, mapping and quantifying regional connectivities and the mobility of different demographic groups. Demographically-stratified HPM and malaria movement estimates can provide quantitative evidence to inform the design of more efficient intervention and surveillance strategies that are targeted to specific regions and population groups.
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TL;DR: Using data collected for the evaluation of the rural component of Oportunidades, Mexico's flagship anti-poverty program, the authors showed that poor households' entitlement to an exogenous, temporary but guaranteed income stream increases US migration even if this income is mainly consumed and that some households likely use the entitlement to this income stream as collateral to finance the migration.
Abstract: Using data collected for the evaluation of the rural component of Oportunidades, Mexico's flagship anti-poverty program, I show that poor households' entitlement to an exogenous, temporary but guaranteed income stream increases US migration even if this income is mainly consumed and that some households likely use the entitlement to this income stream as collateral to finance the migration. The individuals who start migrating because of this income shock belong to households with no counterfactual US migrants, come from the middle of the local predicted wage distribution, and worsen migrant skills.These results suggest that financial constraints to international migration are binding for poor Mexicans, some of whom would like to migrate but cannot afford to. If generalizable, they indicate that, as growth and anti-poverty and micro-finance programs relax financial constraints for the poor, Mexican migration to the US will increase and higher levels of border enforcement will likely be needed.
TL;DR: The authors found that histories of transnational migration are common among Turks aged 65 or over, and that migration patterns are embedded in transnational family ties and regional migration systems, and property ownership in Turkey as well as religiosity correlate highly with permanent return.
Abstract: Of great interest for Europe is the issue of long-term immigrant mobility and, specifically, the reasons why labor emigrants to Western Europe either stay in their destination country, permanently remigrate to their country of origin, or go back and forth regularly as “transmigrants” when they reach retirement. Using a large sample of families from five high-emigrant regions in Turkey derived from the survey “2,000 Families. Migration Histories of Turks in Europe (LineUp),” this study found that histories of transnational migration are common among Turks aged 65 or over. Migration patterns are embedded in transnational family ties and regional migration systems. Health status is not related to high mobility in later life, but property ownership in Turkey as well as religiosity correlate highly with permanent return. Transmigrants and stayers in Europe display intense transnational ties with a strong attachment to their country of origin. This characteristic pattern is likely to change in subsequen...
TL;DR: Positive and negative consequences concern the future of this trypanosomiasis, mainly in terms of the ecologic and sociopolitical characteristics of the endemic and nonendemic countries.
Abstract: Human Chagas disease originated in Latin America, being spread around the world in relation with multiple bioecological, sociocultural, and political factors. The process of the disease production and dispersion is discussed, emphasizing the human migration and correlated aspects, in the context of globalization. Positive and negative consequences concern the future of this trypanosomiasis, mainly in terms of the ecologic and sociopolitical characteristics of the endemic and nonendemic countries.