Showing papers on "Interpersonal communication published in 2000"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the role of interpersonal influences in the traditional word-of-mouth (WOM) models based within the non-interpersonal paradigm and found that the effect of noninterpersonal forces (receiver's expertise, receiver's perceived risk, and sender's expertise) on the influence of WOM on service purchase decisions.
Abstract: This article investigates the processes of word of mouth (WOM) within a services purchase decision context. The authors argue that to understand these processes, researchers must examine the role of interpersonal influences in the traditional WOM models based within the noninterpersonal paradigm. As a result of the current investigation, three distinct relations emerge: first, the effect of the noninterpersonal forces (receiver’s expertise, receiver’s perceived risk, and sender’s expertise) on the influence of WOM on service purchase decisions; second, the effect of the interpersonal forces (ties strength and how actively WOM is sought) on the influence of WOM on service purchase decisions; and third, the effects of noninterpersonal forces on interpersonal forces. Managerial implications and avenues for future research are addressed.
1,282 citations
TL;DR: This article examined how adolescents perceive the nature of the opportunities they are provided by teachers and staff in middle school, and how such opportunities are related to changes in their academic and social-emotional functioning over time.
Abstract: Successful youth development during adolescence is an intergenerational process, one in which youth are responsible for being open to and taking advantage of new experiences, and adults are responsible for providing youth with nourishing, growth-enhancing opportunities. In this article, we examine how adolescents perceive the nature of the opportunities they are provided by teachers and staff in middle school, and how such opportunities are related to changes in their academic and social-emotional functioning over time. Our findings indicate that specific instructional, interpersonal, and organizational dimensions of middle school life, as perceived by adolescents themselves, are associated in important ways with the quality and character of their education- and non-education-related development during the years of early adolescence.
913 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: A handbook of tools - research design and statistics, testing and assessment On body and mind, brain and behaviour The self among others - the worlds of the personal, interpersonal, and the social Tracing development across the lifespan Institutions and environments: interactions with family, school and work Cultural and cross-cultural psychology Mental health and mental disorders Interventions for health and wellness Psychology and the larger world as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A handbook of tools - research design and statistics, testing and assessment On body and mind, brain and behaviour The self among others - the worlds of the personal, interpersonal, and the social Tracing development across the lifespan Institutions and environments: interactions with family, school and work Cultural and cross-cultural psychology Mental health and mental disorders Interventions for health and wellness Psychology and the larger world
693 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that interpersonal exchanges of resources between R&D scientists across organizational boundaries can represent intellectual capital leaks, and they propose a grounded theoretical framework to identify such leaks.
Abstract: Though key to fostering innovation, interpersonal exchanges of resources between R&D scientists across organizational boundaries can represent intellectual capital leaks. A grounded theoretical fra...
658 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that males use the Internet mainly for purposes related to entertainment and leisure, whereas women use it primarily for interpersonal communication and educational assistance.
Abstract: Although the Internet frequently has been characterized as male-dominated, recent evidence indicates that the gender gap in Internet use is rapidly diminishing. If more females are using the Internet, then what specific applications do they prefer and do they differ from those of males? This article presents results from a survey assessing gender differences in specific uses of the Internet. The survey included 19 items and was made available to Internet users. For comparison, a paper-and-pencil version was administered to several hundred introductory psychology students. Numerous gender differences in preferences for specific Internet applications emerged. Results showed that males use the Internet mainly for purposes related to entertainment and leisure, whereas women use it primarily for interpersonal communication and educational assistance. However, additional analyses showed that several gender differences were mediated by differences in age and Internet experience. Potential implications of these r...
644 citations
TL;DR: Hamers and Blanc as discussed by the authors presented state-of-the-art knowledge about languages in contact from individual bilingualism (or bilinguality) to societal bilingualism, and analyzed bilingualism at individual, interpersonal, and societal levels.
Abstract: This updated and revised edition of Hamers and Blanc's successful textbook presents state-of-the-art knowledge about languages in contact from individual bilingualism (or bilinguality) to societal bilingualism. It is both multi- and interdisciplinary in approach, and analyses bilingualism at individual, interpersonal, and societal levels. Linguistic, cognitive and sociocultural aspects of bilingual development are explored, as are problems such as bilingual memory and polyglot aphasia. Hamers and Blanc analyse the relationship between culture, identity, and language behaviour in multicultural settings, as well as the communication strategies in interpersonal and intergroup relations. They also propose theoretical models of language processing and development, which are then applied to bilingual behaviour. Other topics reviewed include language shift, pidgins and creoles, language planning and bilingual education. This book will be invaluable to students, teachers and scholars interested in languages in contact in a range of disciplines including psycholinguistics, linguistics, the social sciences, education and language planning.
632 citations
TL;DR: Moreland et al. as mentioned in this paper found that groups whose members were trained apart, with no chance to communicate with one another, performed well after receiving information about one another's skills.
615 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication (CMC) was examined among students who used e-mail as part of a course and a network analysis of group structures revealed that content and form of communication is normative, group norms defining communication patterns within groups, conformity to group norms increases over time, and communication outside the group is governed by different social norms.
Abstract: The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication (CMC) was examined among students who used e-mail as part of a course. A network analysis of group structures revealed that (a) content and form of communication is normative, group norms defining communication patterns within groups, (b) conformity to group norms increases over time, (c) communication outside the group is governed by different social norms. Results show that norms prescribing a particular use of technology are socially constructed over time at the level of locally defined groups and also show that the influence of these norms is limited to the boundaries of the group. It is concluded that the process of social construction is restrained by social identities that become salient over the course of interaction via CMC. These findings complement experimental evidence that stresses the importance of normative influence in CMC.
548 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between students' perceptions of teachers' use of communication skills, immediacy behaviors, motivation and learning, and found that male and female students differ in their perceptions of communication skill and immediacy behaviours in regard to importance, motivation, and learning.
Abstract: Communication skills, as defined by Burleson and Samter (1990), were examined in the teacher‐student relationship. Three questions guided this investigation: (a) with regard to effective teaching, what are students’ perceptions of the importance of communication skills and immediacy behaviors? (b) what is the relationship between students’ perceptions of teachers’ use of communication skills, immediacy behaviors, motivation and learning? and (c) do male and female students differ in their perceptions of communication skill and immediacy behaviors in regard to importance, motivation, and learning? Two studies were conducted. Study one found that students reported referential skill, ego support, and conflict management as being most important to effective teaching. Study two found referential skill, ego support, and immediacy to have a strong relationship with student learning and motivation. Some sex differences also were found and explored in both study one and two.
543 citations
TL;DR: Interpersonal competence, involving caring, concern and compassion, was the most common aspect of trust reported, with listening as a central focus, and technical competence received high priority but was often assessed by reputation or interpersonal cues.
TL;DR: The authors examined how parent-adolescent communication about initiating sex and condoms influenced the relationship between peer norms and behavior and found that peer norms were more strongly related to behavior among adolescents who had not discussed sex or condoms with a parent.
Abstract: This research examined how parent-adolescent communication about initiating sex and condoms influenced the relationship between peer norms and behavior. African American and Hispanic adolescents reported on parent-adolescent discussions about initiating sex and condoms perceived peer norms about sex and condom use and their own behavior. Communication about sex and perceived peer norms about sex were each related to sexual behavior and communication about condoms and peer norms about condoms were related to condom use behavior. For both sex and condom use the peer norm-behavior relationship was moderated by parental communication: Peer norms were more strongly related to behavior among adolescents who had not discussed sex or condoms with a parent. Communication was also related to teens naming a parent as their best source of information about sex. Results suggest that a lack of communication may cause adolescents to turn to peers and that peers may then influence their behavior. (authors)
TL;DR: This article conceptualized emotions as interpersonal communication systems that help individuals navigate the basic problems that arise in dyad and group relations, and drew insights concerning the influence of specific emotions upon negotiation-related cognition and behavior.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of self-regulation through strategic attention deployment in moderating the link between rejection sensitivity and maladaptive outcomes was examined by the delay of gratification (DG) paradigm in childhood.
Abstract: People high in rejection sensitivity (RS) anxiously expect rejection and are at risk for interpersonal and personal distress. Two studies examined the role of self-regulation through strategic attention deployment in moderating the link between RS and maladaptive outcomes. Self-regulation was assessed by the delay of gratification (DG) paradigm in childhood. In Study 1, preschoolers from the Stanford University community who participated in the DG paradigm were assessed 20 years later. Study 2 assessed low-income, minority middle school children on comparable measures. DG ability buffered high-RS people from interpersonal difficulties (aggression, peer rejection) and diminished well-being (e.g., low self-worth, higher drug use). The protective effect of DG ability on high-RS children's self-worth is explained by reduced interpersonal problems. Attentional mechanisms underlying the interaction between RS and strategic self-regulation are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors explored the effects of interaction between the two types of trust on negotiators' motivation to solve problems of adaptation in relational contracting and found that too much trust is as bad as too little.
Abstract: Trust, which occurs at the organizational and interpersonal levels, is generally believed to be important for the success ol interfirm relationships. We explore the effects of interaction between the two types of trust on negotiators' motivation to solve problems of adaptation in relational contracting. What we find is that too much trust is as bad as too little. Solutions are furthest from optimal when both organizational and interpersonal trust are high or both are low.
TL;DR: According to the Social Competencies in Interpersonal Process (SCIP) model, social competencies include skills needed to recruit and maintain satisfying and supportive relationships, and trait-like dispositions that govern use of these skills as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: According to the Social Competencies in Interpersonal Process (SCIP) model, social competencies include (a) skills needed to recruit and maintain satisfying and supportive relationships, and (b) trait-like dispositions that govern use of these skills. Attachment theory explains how social competencies develop in early interactions with caregivers. Most adult clients' presenting problems can be viewed as maladaptive patterns of interpersonal interaction-patterns that the SCIP model holds are maintained by social competency deficits. Available social support is significantly determined by individual differences in social competencies. Because a productive therapy relationship requires a broad range of these competencies, a client's deficits and maladaptive patterns are soon evident. The relationship itself can then become a vehicle for change. This article summarizes my research testing aspects of the SCIP model. I conclude by presenting ideas for future research and suggestions for specific corrective atta...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the implications of interpersonal communication technology use for personal relationships and present an impression management model, which specifies the processes and outcomes of strategic uses of channel and message for self-presentational goals.
Abstract: This study addresses the implications of interpersonal communication technology use for personal relationships. Elements of an impression management model, which specifies the processes and outcomes of strategic uses of channel and message for self-presentational goals, are tested. Respondents indicated their preference for interpersonal communication channels (telephone, answering machine, electronic mail, letters) in 4 types of episodes involving issues that either supported or threatened their own or their partner’s self-presentation. Findings supported the hypotheses predicting that individuals recognize mediated channels’ capacity to manage ambiguity and clarity in interactional episodes and use those perceptions in forming their channel preferences. The constrictions of mediated channels are often seen as advantageous for interactions that could threaten positive impressions. The results support a functional perspective that views mediated communication channels as a tool for managing self-relevant information in pursuit of self-presentational goals.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of training six parents to use Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) with their preschool children with autism or pervasive development disabilities were examined, and positive effects were observed on the use of communication targets for all children and on the complexity and diversity of productive language for most children.
Abstract: This study examined the effects of training six parents to use Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) with their preschool children with autism or pervasive development disabilities. A modified single subject design across the six families was used to assess the parents' acquisition and generalized use of the EMT strategies. The parents learned to use the naturalistic language intervention strategies during 24 individual training sessions in the clinic and generalized their use of the strategies to home interactions at the end of the intervention. Follow- up observations in the clinic and home observations six months after the intervention indicated that parents maintained their use of the newly-learned procedures throughout the follow-up period but at levels lower than those achieved during the clinic training. Positive effects were observed on the use of communication targets for all children and on the complexity and diversity of productive language for most children. Child effects generalized and maintained f...
TL;DR: A review of the research conducted on intimacy within the area of social psychology and a summary of the empirical findings related to intimacy functioning in CSA survivors is suggested in this article, with a focus on the theoretical models that appear to have implications for the long-term interpersonal sequelae associated with CSA.
TL;DR: The authors found no evidence supporting the hypothesis that interpersonal trust encourages group memberships and only limited evidence suggesting that belonging to groups makes individuals more trusting, and they used data from the Michigan Socialization Studies from 1965 to 1982 to test the contemporaneous and lagged effects of interpersonal trust on joining groups.
Abstract: This article tests a key hypothesis of the social capital literature: voluntary memberships and generalized trust reproduce one another. Panel data from the Michigan Socialization Studies from 1965 to 1982 are used to test the contemporaneous and lagged effects of interpersonal trust on joining groups and the contemporaneous and lagged effects of joining groups on interpersonal trust. We find no evidence supporting the hypothesis that interpersonal trust encourages group memberships and only limited evidence suggesting that belonging to groups makes individuals more trusting.
Book•
24 Jul 2000
TL;DR: Folger as mentioned in this paper provides an introduction to conflict and conflict management that is firmly grounded in current theory, research, and practice, covering a range of conflict settings, including interpersonal, group, and organizational conflicts.
Abstract: This fully updated ninth edition provides an introduction to conflict and conflict management that is firmly grounded in current theory, research, and practice.
Covering a range of conflict settings, including interpersonal, group, and organizational conflicts, it includes an abundance of real-life case studies that encompass a spectrum of theoretical perspectives. Its emphasis on application makes it highly accessible to students, while expanding their comprehension of conflict theory and practical skills. This new edition features a new chapter presenting key principles students can practice to become more skillful at managing conflict, a wealth of up-to-date research and case examples, suggested readings and video resources, and integrated questions for review and discussion.
This textbook can be used in undergraduate or graduate courses on conflict in communication, business and management, political science, and counseling programs.
Online resources for instructors, including PowerPoint slides and an instructor's manual, can be found at www.routledge.com/cw/folger.
TL;DR: Authors' motivations for citing documents are addressed through a literature review and an empirical study as discussed by the authors, where the authors of two highly cited authors in the discipline of communication were identified and all of the authors who cited them during the period 1995-1997 were surveyed.
Abstract: Authors' motivations for citing documents are addressed through a literature review and an empirical study. Replicating an investigation in psychology, the works of two highly-cited authors in the discipline of communication were identified, and all of the authors who cited them during the period 1995–1997 were surveyed. The instrument posed 32 questions about why a certain document was cited, plus questions about the citer's relationship to the cited author and document. Most findings were similar to the psychology study, including a tendency to cite “concept markers” representing a genre of work. Authors in communication were more likely to have an interpersonal connection to cited authors, and to cite literature reviews—their most common reason for citation. Three types of judgments about cited works were found to best predict citation: (1) that the work was novel, well-known, and a concept-marker; (2) that citing it might promote the authority of one's own work; and (3) that the work deserved criticism. Suggestions are made for further research, especially regarding the anomalous role of creativity in cited works.
TL;DR: The authors explored topic-specific reservations that parents and adolescents may have about discussing sex and birth control in a sample of 751 African American inner-city youths (14 to 17 years old) and their mothers.
Abstract: Twenty-one parental and 16 adolescent topic-specific reservations that parents and adolescents may have about discussing sex and birth control were explored in a sample of 751 African American inner-city youths (14 to 17 years old) and their mothers. Both maternal and adolescent perspectives were obtained with regard to the prevalence of specific reservations and the extent to which they were predictive of communication behavior. Topic-specific reservations were predictive of communication behavior over and above more general family environment variables such as the quality of the parent-teen relationship and the overall quality of communication in general. A number of interaction effects were found suggesting a differential impact of reservations as a function of the age and gender of the adolescent. The types of reservations expressed by parents were not correspondent with the types of reservations expressed by adolescents. (authors)
TL;DR: Six general themes are discussed, including increasing spontaneity, initiations, and the variety of functions of language verbal and nonverbal children with autism exhibit, as well as assessing and teaching precursors relating to positive outcome.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss research opportunities arising from the current literature in the area of communication. Six general themes are discussed, including (a) increasing spontaneity, initiations, and the variety of functions of language verbal and nonverbal children with autism exhibit; (b) assessing and teaching precursors relating to positive outcome; (c) the importance of family involvement in intervention programs; (d) best practices for implementation of communicative interventions; (e) the interrelationship between language and other behavioral symptoms of autism; and (f) the social and pragmatic use of language. These areas are discussed in terms of improving assessment and intervention practices to produce greater long-term communicative outcomes for individuals with autism.
TL;DR: The CSIV was designed to complement other interpersonal circumplex measures that assess interpersonal behavior by efficiently assessing a comprehensive set of agentic and communal values and showed convergent and discriminant validity with measures of interpersonal traits.
Abstract: Three studies describe the development, psychometric properties, and potential utility of a new self-report measure, the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (CSIV). The CSIV was designed to complement other interpersonal circumplex measures that assess interpersonal behavior by efficiently assessing a comprehensive set of agentic and communal values. The eight 8-item scales of the CSIV were shown to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and a circumplex structure. The CSIV showed convergent and discriminant validity with measures of interpersonal traits (the Bem Sex Role Inventory; Bem, 1974), interpersonal problems (the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex; Horowitz, 2000), implicit interpersonal motives (the Thematic Apperception Test; see Atkinson, 1958), and interpersonal goals (the Interpersonal Goals Inventory; Dryer & Horowitz, 1997). Finally, the locations of the MCMI-III (Millon, 1994) personality disorder scales on the CSIV circumplex generally mirrored the locations of personality disorders on other interpersonal circumplex measures.
TL;DR: 16 empirical studies that investigated the effects of social interactive interventions designed to increase early social communicative skills of young children with autism by increasing their role as initiator of social interactions were reviewed.
Abstract: Growing attention has been directed at the relation between early social communicative skills of children with autism and subsequent development of these children's social and communicative functioning. We reviewed 16 empirical studies that investigated the effects of social interactive interventions designed to increase early social communicative skills of young children with autism by increasing their role as initiator of social interactions. To identify factors relating to treatment effectiveness, we analyzed studies in relation to participant characteristics, settings, target behaviors, training methods, and results. To determine durability of treatment, we analyzed generalization effects across persons, settings, stimuli, and time. Increases were found for social and affective behaviors, nonverbal and verbal communication, eye contact, joint attention, and imitative play. Limited generalization or maintenance of target behaviors was reported. Findings are discussed in relation to critical variables that may relate to treatment effectiveness in future research and practice efforts.
TL;DR: The character of health and illness narratives are considered as a function of the personal, interpersonal, positional and societal levels of analysis within health psychology.
Abstract: The past 10-15 years have seen a rapid increase in the study of narrative across all the social sciences. It is sometimes assumed that narrative has the same meaning irrespective of the context in which it is expressed. This article considers different levels of narrative analysis within health psychology. Specifically, it considers the character of health and illness narratives as a function of the personal, interpersonal, positional and societal levels of analysis. At the personal level of analysis narratives are portrayed as expressions of the lived experience of the narrator. At the interpersonal level of analysis the narrative is one that is co-created in dialogue. At the positional level of analysis the analysis considers the differences in social position between the narrator and the listener. The societal level of analysis is concerned with the socially shared stories that are characteristic of certain communities or societies. The challenge is to articulate the connections between these different levels of narrative analysis and to develop strategies to promote emancipatory narratives.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an exploratory analysis of the importance of word of mouth and the factors which influence its role within an organisation's mark, and they highlight the significance of personal recommendation.
Abstract: Financial service providers have long placed considerable faith in positive word of mouth communication as a means of attracting new customers and a variety of studies of customer choice of bank highlight the significance of personal recommendation. Given that financial services tend to be characterised by a predominance of experience and credence qualities, word of mouth communication is particularly valuable, providing the potential consumer with vicarious experience of the service under consideration. The impact of word of mouth is probably at its strongest when it originates from social contacts because of their greater perceived reliability. By its very nature, this form of communication is outside the formal control of an organisation and yet its impact is such that the ability to influence or encourage word of mouth could be a powerful marketing tool. This paper provides an exploratory analysis of the importance of word of mouth and the factors which influence its role within an organisation’s mark...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a portfolio of experiential learning exercises that can be used in services marketing courses to facilitate the integration of course concepts, teamwork and team building, communication and listening skills, and critical thinking and problem solving.
Abstract: Business schools are often accused of focusing too much on quantitative and technical skills and spending too little time on interpersonal and communication skills. Experiential learning assignments provide an effective vehicle for addressing these concerns and are particularly well suited for services marketing courses. The objective of this article is to present a portfolio of experiential learning exercises that can be used in services marketing courses to facilitate the integration of course concepts, teamwork and team building, communication and listening skills, and critical thinking and problem solving.
TL;DR: The author concludes that internal working models of relationships may not be so "internal" after all and that greater emphasis on the interpersonal sources of adult attachment security is warranted.
Abstract: Attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969) is not just about how internalized models of relationships affect interpersonal outcomes; it is primarily a theory about how interpersonal processes affect social and cognitive development. This study tested 3 hypotheses about the interpersonal sources of adult attachment security: (a) attachment security is relationship specific, (b) characteristics of partners affect attachment security, and (c) security of attachment is reciprocated. Measures of attachment security were obtained from 2 parents and 2 children (adolescent or older) in 208 middle-class families. Results of social relations model analysis (D. A. Kenny & L. La Voie, 1984) supported all 3 hypotheses. The author concludes that internal working models of relationships may not be so "internal" after all and that greater emphasis on the interpersonal sources of adult attachment security is warranted.