Showing papers on "Interview published in 2011"
TL;DR: The authors provide additional insight based on a critical reflection of the interview as a research method drawing upon Alvesson's discussion from the neopositivist, romanticist and localist interview perspectives.
Abstract: Purpose – Despite the growing pressure to encourage new ways of thinking about research methodology, only recently have interview methodologists begun to realize that “we cannot lift the results of interviewing out of the contexts in which they were gathered and claim them as objective data with no strings attached”. The purpose of this paper is to provide additional insight based on a critical reflection of the interview as a research method drawing upon Alvesson's discussion from the neopositivist, romanticist and localist interview perspectives. Specifically, the authors focus on critical reflections of three broad categories of a continuum of interview methods: structured, semi‐structured and unstructured interviews.Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a critical and reflexive approach to understanding the literature on interviews to develop alternative insights about the use of interviews as a qualitative research method.Findings – After examining the neopositivist (interview as a “tool”) ...
1,056 citations
TL;DR: This paper addresses the potential of interviewing as a means of generating data that provides insight into people's experiential life by highlighting the various epistemological stances that can be taken to interviewing and introducing and illustrating three interviewing methods.
486 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors provide insights into the particularities of interviewing elites for those new to researching this group, focusing on gaining trust and gauging the tone of the interview, how to present oneself during the interview and the appropriate length of an interview.
Abstract: This paper addresses some strategies for conducting elite interviews. It draws upon material from a significant number of interviews that the author has conducted with this group in a variety of economic sectors and countries, as well as from the social sciences literature on elites. The aim of the paper is to provide insights into the particularities of interviewing elites for those new to researching this group. In particular, it focuses on gaining trust and gauging the tone of the interview, how to present oneself during the interview, asking open and closed questions, the appropriate length of an interview, whether to record the conversation, coping with difficult scenarios, asking awkward questions, managing respondents who do not answer the question, keeping respondents interested in the interview and finally gaining feedback from respondents.
483 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the author addresses some strategies for conducting elite interviews and draws upon material from a significant number of interviews that the author has conducted with this group in a variety of...
Abstract: This article addresses some strategies for conducting elite interviews. It draws upon material from a significant number of interviews that the author has conducted with this group in a variety of ...
407 citations
Book•
30 Sep 2011
TL;DR: This guide demonstrates how primary care physicians can use the interview most effectively by focusing on various situations and types of interviews.
Abstract: The medical interview, a core clinical skill, is the medium of doctor-patient communication and the most importance source of diagnostic data. By focusing on various situations and types of interviews, this guide demonstrates how primary care physicians can use the interview most effectively.
273 citations
TL;DR: The authors contrast a common conceptualization of the interview in applied linguistics, referred to as an interview as research instrument perspective, with an alternative, referred as a research interview as social practice orientation, and illustrate implications of the two perspectives on interviews by contrasting a thematic analysis concerning a social category in circulation at a Hawai'i high school.
Abstract: This article contrasts a common conceptualization of the interview in applied linguistics, referred to as an interview as research instrument perspective, with an alternative, referred to as a research interview as social practice orientation. It illustrates implications of the two perspectives on interviews by contrasting a thematic analysis concerning a social category in circulation at a Hawai‘i high school—‘fresh off the boat’—with two analyses of interaction from interviews that the thematic analysis is in part based on. Juxtaposing these distinct conceptualizations of the research interview demonstrates how ‘themes’ were occasioned and co-constructed, and identity was performed in this particular type of speech event.
247 citations
TL;DR: The challenges of interviewing people about sensitive topics are explored using existing literature and the first author's experience of interviewing women traumatised by having an emergency hysterectomy following a severe postpartum haemorrhage.
Abstract: Aim This paper explores the challenges of interviewing people about sensitive topics. It uses existing literature and the first author's experience of interviewing women traumatised by having an emergency hysterectomy following a severe postpartum haemorrhage. It also highlights the strategies that can assist interviews. Background Interviewing participants about sensitive topics requires skill and special techniques. Certain research topics have the potential to cause participants and researchers distress and discomfort. Identifying ways to prevent vicarious traumatisation and researcher burnout is imperative to the integrity of the research. Data sources Twenty one Australian women took part in in-depth, tape-recorded, face-to-face, email, internet and telephone interviews. Review methods This is a methodology paper on the first author's experience of interviewing women on potentially sensitive topics. Conclusion Some participants may find telling their stories to be cathartic, providing them with a sense of relief. Implementing techniques that may be helpful in initiating the interview process can be challenging.
222 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that the participant speaking for less time, rather than a proportional reduction in talk from both parties, tended to hold the floor for shorter stretches at a time, and did slightly more talking during telephone interviews than face-to-face interactions.
Abstract: Traditionally, methodological textbooks have advised that the telephone mode is not well suited to the task of qualitative interviewing. At the same time, there are well-rehearsed arguments as to why telephone interviews may be a useful option in some circumstances. Despite this debate, there remains very limited systematic empirical exploration of differences in the process and outcomes of qualitative telephone vs. face-to-face interviews. Based on a recent ‘mode comparison’ study that sought to contribute to this gap in methodological knowledge, analysis of the overall duration, dominance and depth of talk between researcher and participant in a small set of telephone and face-to-face interviews revealed the following findings. (i) Despite much variation in individual interview length, telephone interviews were typically, and on average, shorter than those conducted face-to-face. (ii) The shorter duration of telephone interviews was a result of the participant speaking for less time, rather than a proportional reduction in talk from both parties. Additionally, in telephone interviews, participants generally held the floor for shorter stretches at a time. (iii) The researcher did slightly more talking during telephone interviews than in face-to-face interactions. Combined with the reduced amount of participant talk, this meant that the researcher tended to hold the floor for a greater proportion of the time in telephone interviews. (iv) To a moderate degree, the shorter length of telephone interviews could be accounted for by a reduction in coverage of themes. However, the principal explanation appeared to lie in a tendency for telephone interview participants to provide relatively less detail or elaboration. In this article, we consider why these differences may occur, if and how they might matter to the research, and how we might wish to modify interview practices in response.
194 citations
Abstract: The popularity of interviewing as a method of data collection in the social sciences is a recognized fact. In their survey of qualitative research paradigms and methods, Denzin and Lincoln (2004:353) declare that “the interview is the favorite methodological tool of the qualitative researcher.” And, describing data-collection techniques in sociolinguistics and dialectology, Fuller (2000:388) argues that “much of the data in the field comes from interviews.” These assertions are hardly surprising given the central role that interviews have assumed as an essential part of the toolkit of the qualitative researcher since the early decades of the twentieth century (Fontana & Frei 2004). Interviews are the most common cross-disciplinary research instruments since they are widely used by investigators in fields as diverse as education, anthropology, sociology, social psychology, and social history, where they serve as vital research methods alone or in combination with other techniques such as participant observation. Given the centrality of interpretive and qualitative research paradigms in sociolinguistics, ethnography, linguistic anthropology, and narrative studies, the interview has acquired an even more prominent place for investigation in these disciplines. However, this research method and tool for collecting data has been the object of extremes of confidence and criticism. On one side there are those who try to erase the interactional context of the interview, believing that it is both possible and desirable to make participants forget about the event so that interviewers can access their “natural” behavior. On the opposite side there are those who argue that interviews are “inauthentic” and “artificial” contexts for data collection and therefore it is best to avoid them completely. In both extremes, the interview ends up being a problem to overcome. One unfortunate result of these attitudes has been that the interview as a real communicative event has been understudied. Our objective with this special issue is to contribute to redressing this tendency by drawing attention to the need for, and advantages of, the research interview as a legitimate interactional encounter, and taking narrative as our focus. In doing this we build on a small but significant cross-disciplinary body of mostly recent scholarship that has analyzed a variety of issues related to the use of semi-structured and open-ended interviews in qualitative research, and that has recognized the crucial importance of placing interview data in context.
188 citations
TL;DR: A reflexive discussion of two studies in which Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was used to explore people’s experiences of sexuality and intimacy within the context of their illness to illustrate the different effects of joint and one-to-one interviews.
Abstract: Heideggerian researchers recognize that people and their worlds are coconstructed; people make sense of their world from within it, not detached from it. The presence of one's partner in a joint interview will therefore influence the experience of participants, and will also influence the descriptions they provide. In this article, we present a reflexive discussion of two studies in which we used Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology to explore people's experiences of sexuality and intimacy within the context of their illness. We present the Heideggerian concepts of Dasein, authenticity and truth, and draw on extracts from our interview transcripts to exemplify the different effects of joint and one-to-one interviews. We also discuss ethical considerations regarding these different interview approaches. Heidegger's philosophy does not preferentially support either method, but helps us to be clearer about the merits and limitations of each approach. Combining both approaches provides richer understanding of phenomena.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether verbal rapport-building techniques increase adult witness report accuracy and decrease their susceptibility to post-event misinformation, and found that rapport building increased the quality of witness recall by decreasing the percentage of inaccurate and misinformation reported.
Abstract: Summary: Major investigative interviewing protocols such as the Cognitive Interview recommend that investigators build rapport with cooperative adult witnesses at the beginning of a police interview. Although research substantiates the benefits of rapport-building on the accuracy of child witness reports, few studies have examined whether similar benefits apply to adult witnesses. The present study investigated whether verbal rapport-building techniques increase adult witness report accuracy and decrease their susceptibility to post-event misinformation. One-hundred eleven college adults viewed a videotaped mock-crime, received post-event misinformation (or correct information) about the crime, and were subsequently interviewed by a research assistant who built rapport (or did not build rapport) before recalling the mock-crime. Results indicated that rapport-building increased the quality of witness recall by decreasing the percentage of inaccurate and misinformation reported, particularly in response to open-ended questions. We discuss implications and recommendations for law enforcement. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book•
06 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a case-centric or variable-centric approach for data collection and analysis in the context of an in-depth interview with a focus group and a discussion.
Abstract: PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Structure of the book Case-centric or variable-centric research Analytical induction or hypothesis-testing Some issues in research Epistemology Reliability and validity Ethical considerations Ethical issues: Risk of harm Averting/Dealing with discomfort Ethical issues: Deception Ethical issues: Debriefing Ethical issues: Where to from here? Putting the approach in context Fixed or fluid framings or research Precursors to research Developing the research topic Preparing a research proposal Recruitment of participants Conclusion Further readings References PART TWO: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWING - THE INTERACTIVE BASE Doing data collection, analysis and presentation What is an in-depth interview? How is an in-depth interview different from a questionnaire-based interview? How is an interview different from a focus group? How is an interview different from a discussion? Origins of the approach The practicalities: What are the advantages of in-depth interviews? What are the disadvantages? Preparing and undertaking a 'typical' set of interviews Developing the research topic Ethics approval Developing the interview guide Sampling and recruitment of participants Collection of data: Beginning the interview Collection of data: During the interview Non-verbal cues and body language Collection of data: Completing the interview Debriefing Data management Transcribing Journaling Analysis of data Analytical induction Grounded theory and thematic analysis Some issues in research Interviews as data sources and data-creators Epistemological concerns and constraints Resource issues Putting the approach in context Visual techniques: Photo-elicitation and photo-voice Computer-based data analysis Conclusion Further readings References PART THREE: LIFE HISTORIES - PRIVATE TROUBLES AND PUBLIC ISSUES Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Life history research cf. oral history Pointers in doing a life history Building rapport Memory and recall Analytical induction Triangulation Naturalistic and edited forms of life history Some issues in research Epistemology and claims for validity and reliability Putting the approach in context Conclusion Further readings References PART FOUR: ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH - STUDYING GROUPS IN NATURAL SETTINGS Doing data collection, analysis and presentation Origins of the approach Data collection Entering the field Observation in practice Exiting the field Data analysis and presentation Some issues in research Epistemology and claims for validity and reliability Resource limitations Putting the approach in context The impacts of new technologies on ethnography The ethics of ethnography Conclusion Further readings References PART FIVE: FOCUS GROUPS - STUDYING ARTIFICIAL GROUPS Doing data collection and analysis Exceptional focus groups Origins of the approach Data collection Some issues in research Epistemology Reliability and validity Putting the approach in context A real-life example: When focus groups go wrong Conclusion Further readings References PART SIX: SURVEY RESEARCH - STUDYING MANY CASES Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Hypothesis-testing: From insights to posing questions Attributes, attitudes and behaviour Sample size and margin of error Response rates Sampling strategies Scales of measurement Statistical analysis: Hypothesis-testing and the null hypothesis Some issues in research Epistemology and scales of measurement Question formats Putting the approach in context Survey fatigue and oversampling Conclusion Further readings References PART SEVEN: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - IN THE LABORATORY AND BEYOND Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Hypothesis-testing Variables in experiments Validity and reliability in data collection Cases in experiments Analyzing experiments Some issues in research Ethical issues The crisis in social psychology: A crisis in positivist epistemology? Resourcing Putting the approach in context Conclusion Further readings References PART EIGHT: UNOBTRUSIVE RESEARCH - STUDYING ARTEFACTS AND MATERIAL TRACES Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Applications of unobtrusive methods Examples of unobtrusive research Some issues in research Methodological issues: Observer bias Methodological issues: Bias within the data Ethical issues: Defining 'unobtrusive' Ethical issues: Informed consent Ethical issues: Deception Ethical issues: Debriefing Ethical issues: Where to from here? Putting the approach in context The use of new technologies Conclusion Further readings References PART NINE: CONTENT RESEARCH - CODING AND COUNTING Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Looking at coding form Hypothesis-testing Deciding on what is a case Coding: Develop a codebook, design a coding form, train the coders Drawing a sample Some issues in research Epistemology and claims for validity and reliability Putting the approach in context Conclusion Further readings References PART TEN: SECONDARY RESEARCH - MORE THAN LITERATURE REVIEWS Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Search engines Boolean searches Hypothesis-testing Secondary versus primary research Finding gaps in, and running with or against the literature Meta-analyses: combining and testing results Some issues in research Epistemology and goals of social research Putting the approach in context Issues in quality assurance Conclusion Further readings References PART ELEVEN: SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS - STUDYING SIGNS AND MEANINGS Doing data collection and analysis Origins of the approach Analysing signs Some issues in research An aside on rigour Structuralism and post-structuralism Putting the approach in context Conclusion Further readings PART TWELVE: AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH - WRITING AND READING THE SELF Doing data collection and analysis An authoethnographic aside Origins of the approach Autobiography and reflexivity as a case Data collection and analysis and reflexivity Guidelines for writers Analytical autoethnography Aims of autoethnography Some issues in research Epistemology and claims for validity and reliability Evaluating autoethnographies Putting the approach in context Motivations: The forms of personal documents Conclusion Further readings References Glossary
Patent•
06 May 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method for locating resources and providing recruitment information is presented, including a memory device for storing the information regarding a at least one resource, a resource criteria and a resource match, and a processing device for processing information regarding the information, criteria, resource and match.
Abstract: A system and method for locating resources and providing recruitment information. Including a memory device for storing the information regarding a at least one resource, a at least one resource criteria, a at least one resource match, and a at least one processing device for processing information regarding the information, criteria, resource and match. In one aspect, the processing device utilizes information regarding a at least one job opening, an applicant's contract, an interviewer's available date, an interviewer available time, and a interview schedule, stored in the memory device, and further wherein the processing device generates a message containing information regarding at least one of a job opening, an interview schedule, an interviewer, an applicant's contract, a date and a time, wherein the message is responsive to the job interview request, and a transmitter for transmitting the message to a communication device associated with an individual in real-time.
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the implications of viewing the interview as an actively constructed conversation through which narrative data are produced, and explore the ramifications of framing the interview and resulting data as by-products of interpretive practice the whats and hows of an animated process involving active subjects behind interview participants.
Abstract: This chapter discusses the implications of viewing the interview as an actively constructed conversation through which narrative data are produced. It explores the ramifications of framing the interview and resulting data as by-products of interpretive practice the whats and hows of an animated process involving active subjects behind interview participants. Matters of reliability, validity, bias, and rigor are considered.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theoretical model of interviewee performance in selection interviews, which includes six sets of factors that may influence interviewee performances, interviewer ratings, or both (e.g., interviewer-interviewee dynamics).
TL;DR: The authors investigated the interaction between a novice researcher undertaking her first interview and a child participant, and highlighted practical matters when interviewing young children, such as the competence of young children as informants and the value of artifacts to promote interaction.
Abstract: Being a novice researcher undertaking research interviews with young children requires understandings of the interview process. By investigating the interaction between a novice researcher undertaking her first interview and a child participant, the authors attend to theoretical principles, such as the competence of young children as informants, and highlight practical matters when interviewing young children. A conversation analysis approach examines the talk preceding and following a sticker task. By highlighting the conversational features of a research interview, researchers can better understand the coconstructed nature of the interview. This article provides insights into how to prepare for the interview and manage the interview context to recognize the active participation of child participants and the value of artifacts to promote interaction. These insights make more transparent the interactional process of a research interview and become part of the researcher's collection of devices to manage the conduct of research interviews.
TL;DR: This paper explored the first author's experience of conducting synchronous online interviews using instant messaging or "chat" software and highlighted the costs and benefits of conducting online interviews and reflect on the development of a rapport with participants within this medium.
Abstract: The internet is used across a range of disciplines to conduct qualitative research and qualitative psychologists are increasingly turning to the internet as a medium for conducting interviews. In this article we explore the first author’s experience of conducting synchronous online interviews using instant messaging or ‘chat’ software. We highlight the costs and benefits of conducting online interviews and reflect on the development of a rapport with participants within this medium. In particular, we consider how researchers can attempt to make online interviewing less abrupt and more conversational, how researchers can demonstrate ‘listening’ and how insider/outsider status of the interviewer effects interaction within online interviews.
TL;DR: Because the performance of PEACE-trained officers did not differ from those who had not received this training, it is argued that further improvement in training is needed, especially regarding a number of communication skills.
Abstract: In 1992, the police service of England and Wales adopted PEACE as a framework for interviewing suspects. This study was to evaluate the impact of PEACE interview training, workplace supervision and the presence of a legal advisor on the performance of police officers' interviewing suspects. One hundred seventy-four real-life interviews with suspects were obtained from six police forces in England and Wales. Officers trained and untrained in PEACE, and from police forces that did or did not have an interview supervision policy conducted the interviews. Interviews in this sample were generally of average standard. Whilst PEACE-trained officers conducted longer interviews, there were no other statistical differences dependent on training. Nor were there any statistical differences dependent on the presence of a legal advisor. A workplace supervision policy was found to be related to performance, particularly during the engage and explain phases of the interview. Supervision also appeared to provide some safeguards for suspects who did not have a legal advisor. Because the performance of PEACE-trained officers did not differ from those who had not received this training, further improvement in training is needed, especially regarding a number of communication skills. It is argued that such improvement would be facilitated by a more consistent approach to interviewer training and to the effective supervision of interviews. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The unrealistic range of expectations which nursing students have of nursing, the information sources and experiences which inform student expectations and how ambiguous expectations contributed to voluntarily attrition are described.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors adopt the view that close examination of how particular interactions are accomplished provides additional insights into not only the topics discussed, but also how research design and methods might be modified to meet the needs of projects.
Abstract: Recent methodological work that draws on a ‘constructionist’ approach to interviewing – conceptualizes the interview as a socially-situated encounter in which both interviewer and interviewee play active roles. This approach takes the construction of interview data as a topic of examination. This article adopts the view that close examination of how particular interactions are accomplished provides additional insights into not only the topics discussed, but also how research design and methods might be modified to meet the needs of projects. Focus is specifically given to investigation of sequences observed as puzzling or challenging during interviews, or via interview data that emerged as problematic in the analysis process. How might close analyses of these sorts of sequences be used to inform research design and interview methods? The article explores (1) how problematic interactions identified in the analysis of focus group data can lead to modifications in research design, (2) an approach to dealing with reported data in representations of findings, and (3) how data analysis can inform question formulation in successive rounds of data generation. Findings from these types of examinations of interview data generation and analysis are valuable for informing both interview practice as well as research design in further research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed the Cognitive Interview (CI), which incorporates principles of cognitive and social psychology in a face-to-face interview format, and showed that the CI elicits considerably more information than conventional interviews in criminal and noncriminal investigations.
Abstract: Police interviews of witnesses are critical for solving crimes, yet police are poorly trained and often make mistakes when interviewing witnesses who are cooperative. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed the cognitive interview (CI), which incorporates principles of cognitive and social psychology in a face-to-face interview format. Laboratory and field research show that the CI elicits considerably more information than conventional interviews in criminal and noncriminal investigations. We explore the real-world applications of the CI.
30 Nov 2011
TL;DR: This thesis describes the study of how different turn-taking strategies used by a dialogue system influence the perception that users have of that system and the selection of appropriate responses.
Abstract: Communication with a machines is inherently not ‘natural’, but still we prefer to interact with them without learning new skills but by using types of communication we already know. Ideally, we want to communicate with a machine just as we communicate with people: we explain (using our voice and gestures) what we want the machine to do, and it understands this and performs the required task.
In its simplest form, such a dialogue system receives the user’s input as written text, which it has to parse and analyze to extract the intentions of the user. But a more complex dialogue system can perceive the user via a microphone and a camera, and the user can use normal speech and gestures to explain his or her intentions. However, this means that the system has to take other aspects of human conversation into account besides interpreting the user’s intentions. For example, it has to manage correct turn-taking behaviour, it has to provide feedback, and it has to manage a correct level of politeness.
This thesis focusses on two aspects of the interaction between a user and a virtual agent (a dialogue system with a visual embodiment), namely the perception of turn-taking strategies and the selection of appropriate responses. This research was carried out in the context of the SEMAINE project, in which a virtual listening agent was built: a virtual agent that tries to keep the user talking for as long as possible. Additionally, the system consists of four specific characters, each with a certain emotional state: a happy, a gloomy, an aggressive, and a pragmatic one. These characters also try to get the user in the same emotional state as they themselves are in.
Turn-taking is a good example of something that is completely natural for most people, but very hard to teach a system. And while most dialogue systems focus on having the agent’s responses start as soon as possible after the user’s end of turn without overlapping it, evidence indicates that starting too early or too late is not always inappropriate per se. People might start speaking too early because of their enthusiasm, or they might start later than usual because they are thinking.
This thesis describes the study of how different turn-taking strategies used by a dialogue system influence the perception that users have of that system. These turn-taking strategies are different start times of the next turn (starting before the user’s turn has finished, directly when it finishes or after a small pause) and different responses when overlapping speech is detected (stop speaking, continue normally or continue with a raised voice).
These strategies were evaluated in two studies. In the first study, a simulator was cre- ated that generated conversations by having two agents ‘talk’ to each other. The turn-taking behaviour of each agent was scripted beforehand, and the resulting conversation was played by using non-intelligible speech. After listening to a simulated conversation, the users had to complete a questionnaire containing semantic differential scales about how they perceived a participant in the conversation. In the second study, the users actively participated in the conversation themselves. They were interviewed by a dialogue system, but the exact timing of each question was controlled by a human wizard. This wizard varied the start time of the questions depending on the selected strategy of that particular interview, and after each interview the users had to complete a questionnaire about how they perceived the dialogue system.
These studies showed that starting too early (that is, interrupting the user) was mostly associated with negative and strong personality attributes: agents were perceived as less agreeable and more assertive. Leaving pauses between turns had contrary associations: it was perceived as more agreeable, less assertive, and created the feeling of having more rapport. It also showed that different strategies influence the response behaviour of the users as well. The users seemed to ‘adapt’ to the interviewing agent’s turn-taking strategy, for example by talking faster and with shorter turns when the interviewer started early during the interview.
The final part of the thesis describes the response selection of the listening agent. We decided to select an appropriate response based on the non-verbal input, rather than on the content of the user’s speech, to make the listening agent capable of responding appropriately regardless of the topic. This thesis first describes the handcrafted models and then the more data-driven approach. In this approach, humans annotated videos containing user turns with appropriate possible responses. Classifiers were then used to learn how to respond after a user’s turn. Different methods were used to create the training data and evaluate the results. The classifiers were tested by letting them predict appropriate responses for new fragments and let humans rate these responses. We found that some classifiers produced significantly more appropriate responses than a random model.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the efficacy of information gathering techniques for detecting truthful and deceptive verbal accounts in interview settings, and suggest that tactical interviewing is effective for detecting verbal deception.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of a novel information gathering technique for detecting truthful and deceptive verbal accounts in interview settings. Five police officers were trained to use each of the three interview techniques, namely tactical, strategic and early. Post-training, each interviewed 30 mock suspects (five truth tellers and five liars in each interview condition) who had taken part in an immersive interactive computer game, competing as either a terrorist (deceiver) or a builder (truth tellers). Post-interview, officers completed a questionnaire designed to collect veracity judgments, confidence levels and the type of interviewee behaviour that had influenced their veracity decision. Results revealed a significant advantage for detecting both deceivers and truth tellers using our new tactical procedure (67% and 74% accuracy, respectively) versus the strategic (54% and 42%) and early (53% and 47%) interviews. Additionally, when interviewing tactically, not only were interviewers more confident in their judgments but they also reported using verbal behaviour more to inform their judgments. We introduce the new tactical approach to interviewing and discuss our findings, suggesting why tactical interviewing is effective for detecting verbal deception. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that interactional difficulties and questioning practices identified in the methodological literature on qualitative interviewing as "problems" provide topics of analysis, and use this approach to examine interview interaction in order to develop insights into moderating their interview practice as well as considering questions pertaining to research design.
Abstract: In this article the author argues that interactional difficulties and questioning practices identified in the methodological literature on qualitative interviewing as ‘problems’ provide topics of analysis. Methodological examinations of interview data drawing on conversation analysis also explicate how interview ‘problems’ may be conceptualized in relation to various theorizations of interviews. Two common conceptualizations of qualitative interviews include a neo-positivist approach in which a neutral interviewer elicits participants’ descriptions that reflect ‘true’ states of affairs that are employed in realist reports, and a romantic approach in which a reflexive interviewer facilitates genuine rapport with participants to generate confessional data. The author uses a constructionist conceptualization of interviewing to examine several issues identified in methodological literature as ‘problems’, including the use of the interview guide as a spoken survey, the use of closed questions, providing possible responses in questions and asking questions that include assumptions about participants’ life-worlds. These analytic demonstrations are used to argue that researchers in the field of applied linguistics might use this approach to examine interview interaction in order to develop insights into moderating their interview practice as well as considering questions pertaining to research design.
Book•
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a guide for interviewing probable suspects and interrogating likely perpetrators on techniques and tradecraft, and present forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of nonverbal behavior.
Abstract: Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques believably answers the question, How do you know when someone is lying? It also provides a guide for interviewing probable suspects and interrogating likely perpetrators on techniques and tradecraft. This book covers topics about searching for truth and revealing lies. It presents forensic assessments based on psychophysiology, and assessments on the basis of non-verbal behavior. The book also covers interview and interrogation preparation, as well as question formulation. It discusses the Morgan Interview Theme Technique or MITT, and the Forensic Assessment Interview or FAINT. The book addresses techniques for interviewing children and the mentally challenged, and offers information about pre-employment interviews. It also explains how to understand aggressive behavior and how to deal with angry people. The book concludes by presenting future methods for searching for the truth. Law enforcement and security professionals, as well as prosecutors, criminal defense lawyers, and civil litigators will find this book invaluable. . The only book to address FAINT, IIT, and MITT in one source . Enables the interviewer to obtain a confession that can stand up in court . Includes an online workbook with practical exercises to assist the reader
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the gender performances by both the interviewees and interviewers, including how the structure of the interview affects gendered interactions in interviews and the vulnerability we experienced as a result.
Abstract: The topic of female researchers interviewing male subjects has received previous attention, but few scholarly works focus specifically on sensitive topics such as sexual behaviors. The discrepancy suggests that even though women researchers interview men about sensitive issues, sexuality still seems out of bounds. Based on our research, we found it intellectually and emotionally challenging to interview men about sexually degrading behaviors. In the present article, we focus on the gender performances by both the interviewees and interviewers, including how the structure of the interview affects gendered interactions in interviews and the vulnerability we experienced as a result. We conclude by suggesting a few strategies that future women researchers can employ when conducting cross-gender, in-depth interviews with men about sex. We also raise questions for feminist researchers about how best to handle sexist, racist, and derogatory remarks made by interviewees.
18 Oct 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a study carried out in Higher Education (HE) investigating student withdrawal is described, which explores the ethics of interviewing by telephone a group of former students, issues that arose in the carrying out of the research, particularly relating to the quality of the data; and the impact of the study's purpose on its conduct.
Abstract: While the use of the telephone has increased as a means of collecting research data in a range of areas, there are few examples of studies where telephone interviews have been conducted to collect qualitative data. The field of educational research is no exception to this. This paper focuses on a study carried out in Higher Education (HE) investigating student withdrawal. It explores the ethics of interviewing by telephone a group of former students; issues that arose in the carrying out of the research, particularly relating to the quality of the data; and the impact of the study’s purpose on its conduct. The paper discusses the value of telephone interviewing to collect qualitative data and offers some practical suggestions for future use.
TL;DR: The authors argue that not all types of social scientific research interviews benefit from an a priori problematization of power and control, ethics and equality, or emancipation, and introduce another set of concerns in relation to producing good empirical material when we "study sideways".
Abstract: One strand of the qualitative interview literature has been concerned with the normative or otherwise problematic implications of studying down or studying up (i.e., interviewing “disadvantaged” people or elites). This interview literature is part of a tradition of taking up the problem of power inequalities in relation to the people we study. This article argues that not all types of social scientific research interviews benefit from an a priori problematization of power and control, ethics and equality, or emancipation. From a constructivist perspective, the article seeks to displace the methodological concern with power related to the ideas of studying up or down and introduce another set of concerns in relation to producing good empirical material when we “study sideways.” The argument is based on analyses of interview situations from a concrete research project, where researcher and researched share professional background to some degree, where negotiations replace a researcher-imposed dialogue, and ...
TL;DR: This article developed a multilevel discrete time event history model based on interviewer call record data to predict the likelihood of contact at each call, which has implications for survey practice and inform the design of effective interviewer calling times, including responsive survey designs.
Abstract: Establishing contact is an important part of the response process and effective interviewer calling behaviours are critical in achieving contact and subsequent co-operation. The paper investigates best times of contact for different types of households and the influence of the interviewer on establishing contact. Recent developments in the survey data collection process have led to the collection of so-called field process data or paradata, which greatly extend the basic information on interviewer calls. The paper develops a multilevel discrete time event history model based on interviewer call record data to predict the likelihood of contact at each call. The results have implications for survey practice and inform the design of effective interviewer calling times, including responsive survey designs.