Showing papers on "Iodine published in 1985"
TL;DR: Administration of iodine during the first 10 weeks of life increased the incidence of the disease, as determined by histology and the measurement of autoantibodies to triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroglobulin.
Abstract: Clinical studies have suggested that excess dietary iodine promotes autoimmune thyroiditis; however, the lack of a suitable animal model has hampered investigation of the phenomenon. In this study, different amounts of potassium iodide were added to the diets of chicken strains known to be genetically susceptible to autoimmune thyroiditis. Administration of iodine during the first 10 weeks of life increased the incidence of the disease, as determined by histology and the measurement of autoantibodies to triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroglobulin. Further support for the relation between iodine and autoimmune thyroiditis was provided by an experiment in which iodine-deficient regimens decreased the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies in a highly susceptible strain. These results suggest that excessive consumption of iodine in the United States may be responsible for the increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis.
174 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that calcium hydroxide should be given consideration for routine use as an intracanal agent in endodontics.
95 citations
TL;DR: The distribution and speciation of iodate and iodide in waters overlying and in the Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico, which contains hypersaline, anoxic and yet non-sulfide-bearing brine have been determined as discussed by the authors.
71 citations
TL;DR: Radioimmunodetection of thrombi in vivo is feasible in dogs and may have clinical application since Mab is specific to human fibrin, but not cross-reactive withfibrinogen.
Abstract: Murine monoclonal antibody (Mab) specific for the NH2-terminal region of human fibrin, but not cross-reactive with fibrinogen, was used in radioimmuno-imaging of fresh, induced venous thrombi in three dogs. Iodine-131-labeled Mab was injected intravenously, with iodine 125-labeled polyclonal murine gamma-G globulin (IgG) simultaneously injected as a control. Images were strongly positive at 24 and 48 hours in all three animals, with thrombus-to-blood and thrombus-to-muscle ratios of 8.4 and 228.0, respectively, for I-131-labeled Mab; these ratios for control IgG were 1.2 and 13.0. Radioimmunodetection of thrombi in vivo is feasible in dogs and may have clinical application since Mab is specific to human fibrin.
64 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In patients with AAT and goiter it appears possible that the thyroid fails to adapt normally to the excess iodide load, resulting in an inappropriately high RAIU in the presence of excess plasma iodine.
Abstract: Amiodarone associated thyrotoxicosis (AAT) occurs in approximately 10% of patients treated with this iodine rich drug in areas of mild iodine deficiency. The thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is usually undetectable or very low in iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. In the present study, 35 patients with AAT were evaluated. Twelve patients had no thyroid abnormalities by physical exam and all had 24-hr RAIU less than or equal to 4%. In contrast, nine of 11 patients with AAT and diffuse goiters and eight of 12 patients with AAT and nodular goiters had RAIU values greater than 8%. In patients with AAT and goiter it appears possible that the thyroid fails to adapt normally to the excess iodide load, resulting in an inappropriately high RAIU in the presence of excess plasma iodine.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, cyclohexanol was oxidised to cycloenanone in the presence of iodine and potassium iodide in a two-layer solution composed of cycloenanol and an aqueous solution on Pt-SPE prepared by an electroless deposition method of platinum on both surfaces of Nafion 415.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the sulphur(II) compounds that rapidly induce the iodine/azide reaction were determined by injection of 10-μl samples into an iodized solution at a flow rate of 1.4 ml min−1.
45 citations
TL;DR: A radiochemical neutron activation analytical method for the determination of129I and127I in soil samples was studied in this article, where Iodine was separated from the sample prior to the irradiation by volatilization, i.e. by combustion of the sample and trapping of the iodine in an alkaline solution together with a reducing agent.
Abstract: A radiochemical neutron activation analytical method for the determination of129I and127I in soil samples was studied. Iodine was separated from the sample prior to the irradiation by volatilization, i.e. by combustion of the sample and trapping of the iodine in an alkaline solution together with a reducing agent. This method enables one to digest samples containing up to 100 g dry matter. The chemical yield was mostly more than 90%. After irradiation the iodine fraction was further purified by solvent extraction. The detection limit of the129I/127I ratio was 1×10−9.
40 citations
TL;DR: The association constants of α, β and γ-cyclodextrin complexes involving iodide, tri-iodide, and iodine species were measured by potentiometry and the equilibrium potential variations of a platinum electrode were obtained versus the cyclodextrine concentration in a solution containing iodide.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new electrochemical technique for the automatic determination of iodine species in natural waters was described, where the iodide was electrochemically oxidized to iodide and quantitatively concentrated on a carbon wool electrode in a preconcentration cell.
Abstract: Inorganic iodine species, iodide, and iodate in seawater have been determined by a variety of classical methods of analysis. Only the spectrophotometric procedure using the absorbance of I/sub 3//sup -/ at 353 nm is utilized for an automatic determination. This method, however, has a few disadvantages such as interference with nitrite and insufficient accuracy for low concentration of iodide. This paper describes a new electrochemical technique for the automatic determination of iodine species in natural waters. The iodide is electrochemically oxidized to iodine and quantitatively concentrated on a carbon wool electrode in a preconcentration cell. After the interference ions were removed, the iodine was eluted with reducing agent followed by the determination at the polished Ag/sub 3/SI electrode in the detection cell. The iodate is determined after being reduced to iodide by reducing agent. The resulting amperometric current is proportional to iodide or iodate concentration in the original solution. The sensitivity is 0.4-0.5 ..mu..A/..mu..g I/sup -/ and the detection limit is 5 ng of I/sup -/. Iodine species can be accurately determined as iodide and total iodine (iodide + iodate) from less than 50 mL of seawater sample by this method. 5 references, 7 figures, 1 table.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation constant for triiodide ion and acid dissociation constant of iodic acid were measured as a function of temperature, and the resulting thermodynamic data have been incorporated into a general computer model describing the hydrolysis equilibria of molecular iodide.
TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying the clinical presentation of these two conditions as well as the clinical implications, both diagnostic and therapeutic, are discussed.
TL;DR: The Mini assay method developed in the present study was used for the determination of peroxidase activity in a small amount of thyroid tissue obtained by means of a needle biopsy from patients with thyroid disorders, suggesting the presence of an abnormal per oxidase in these tissues.
Abstract: A peroxidase assay method (Mini assay method) which is applicable for a minute amount (as small as a few mg) of thyroid tissue was developed, employing guaiacol or iodide as the second substrate. This method is a modification of the previous one (Ordinary assay method): the volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to about one-tenth with prior solubilization of the enzyme. The correlation between the Mini assay and Ordinary assay methods, and between the guaiacol and iodide assays by both methods were satisfactorily good, but the iodine content of thyroglobulin was found to be not directly correlated to the peroxidase activities. Protein-based specific activities of peroxidase from normal human thyroid tissue were about 0.030 guaiacol units/mg protein and 0.0066 iodide units/mg protein, which were slightly higher than those of porcine thyroid tissue. The Mini assay method developed in the present study was used for the determination of peroxidase activity in a small amount (1-8 mg) of thyroid tissue obtained by means of a needle biopsy from patients with thyroid disorders. One specimen (goitrous cretinism) showed no peroxidase activity in both the guaiacol and iodide assays, and three specimens (two chronic thyroiditis, one familial nontoxic goiter) possessed no ability to catalyze the oxidation of iodide in spite of the high reactivity towards guaiacol, suggesting the presence of an abnormal peroxidase in these tissues.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the number of extrema depends on the initial ratio of the concentrations of thiourea and iodate, and is at most four.
Abstract: In the oxidation of thiourea by iodate in weakly acidic solution the concentration of iodide may exhibit several extrema. The number of extrema mainly depends on the initial ratio of the concentrations of thiourea and iodate, and is at most four. The first step of the reaction results in the formation of iodide which then reacts with iodate to give iodine. The latter oxidizes thiourea in several steps, the end products being sulphate ions, ammonium ions, and carbon dioxide. Taking into account the independently determined rate constants for the sub-systems, the change in the concentrations of iodide and iodine with time can be calculated. There is good agreement between the experimental and theoretical curves.
TL;DR: The serum elimination half-life of NANDAI of 57–160 days exceeded that of amiodarone (35–68 days) and of desethylamiodar one (31–110 days), and the serum concentration of desethylene appears to be related to the concentration of amiotarone by a Michaelis-Menten type function, yielding a Km of amodarone of 2.45 µmol/l.
Abstract: In 23 patients treated with the iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone, the plasma concentrations of amiodarone, desethylamiodarone and iodine have been studied. Besides amiodarone and desethylamiodarone, a pool of iodine-containing substances, NANDAI (non-amiodarone-, non-desethylamiodarone-iodine), was present. At steady state the iodine content of NANDAI amounted to 64% and the iodine content of amiodarone plus desethylamiodarone to 36% of total serum iodine. At steady state 26% of the NANDAI fraction was made up of inorganic iodide, the average plasma concentration of which was at least 40 times above the upper limit of the normal range. The serum elimination half-life of NANDAI of 57–160 days exceeded that of amiodarone (35–68 days) and of desethylamiodarone (31–110 days).
TL;DR: Simultaneous measurements of the thyroid hormones failed to reveal any significant impairment of thyroid function apart from depressed T3 coupled with increased reverse T3, and if renal function is unimpaired the resorbed iodine is quickly excreted.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The case of a 13 year old boy who developed testicular damage following treatment with radioactive iodine 350 mCi for a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is reported.
Abstract: Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common type of thyroid cancer and is associated with a good prognosis. Complications of treatment with surgery and radioiodine are uncommon. We report the case of a 13 year old boy who developed testicular damage following treatment with radioactive iodine 350 mCi for a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Four years after radioiodine treatment there has been no suggestion of recovery of spermatogenesis. Detailed follow-up studies of similarly treated young patients are required to define the incidence of this complication and to determine its reversibility.
Patent•
24 Apr 1985TL;DR: Iodine and iodine compounds are removed by using an adsorbent comprising a silver loaded pentasil zeolite as discussed by the authors, which is used to remove the iodine compounds.
Abstract: Iodine and iodine compounds are removed by using an adsorbent comprising a silver loaded pentasil zeolite.
TL;DR: The distribution of the redox species of iodine and arsenic in two isolated pools of seawater underlying river water in deep holes in the estuary of the Yarra River is described.
Abstract: The distribution of the redox species of iodine and arsenic in two isolated pools of seawater underlying river water in deep holes in the estuary of the Yarra River is described In the river water, the dominant species are iodide and As(V) In the saline water of these holes, there are levels of iodine and arsenic greater than are present in the original seawater The subhalocline waters contained <022 ml 1-1 of dissolved oxygen, and the redox poise was intermediate between oxic and anoxic conditions Most of the iodate originally in the seawater was reduced to iodide, but As111) and As(V) coexisted Iodine and arsenic appear to have entered the water from the anoxic sediment
TL;DR: In this paper, a titrimetric method for the determination of 5 −1000 µg of thiourea and 20 − 1000 µg phenylthioura or allythiouria has been developed.
Abstract: A sensitive and accurate titrimetric method for the determination of 5–1000 µg of thiourea and 20–1000 µg of phenylthiourea or allythiourea has been developed. The method is based on the reaction of these compounds with a chloroform solution of iodine in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, removal of the excess of iodine, followed by the determination of the resulting iodide by the Leipert amplification procedure. The relative errors ranged from –1.9 to 0.3% and the relative standard deviations from 1.3 to 0.2%, depending on the concentration levels.
Patent•
06 Dec 1985
TL;DR: An improved process for recovering gold from gold-containing materials by iodide/iodine leaching is described in this paper where the pregnant lixiviant containing solubilized gold and iodine is treated in an electrolytic cell to reduce gold in solution to elemental gold for recovery and reduce iodine to iodide at the cathode, so as to prevent iodine from interfering with subsequent gold recovery processes, and at the same time reoxidize iodide present at the anode to elemental iodine to regenerate the leach solution to the desired iodide:iodine weight ratio
Abstract: An improved process for recovering gold from gold-containing materials by iodide/iodine leaching is provided wherein the pregnant lixiviant containing solubilized gold and iodine is treated in an electrolytic cell to reduce gold in solution to elemental gold for recovery and reduce iodine to iodide at the cathode, so as to prevent iodine from interfering with subsequent gold recovery processes, and at the same time reoxidize iodide present at the anode to elemental iodine to regenerate the leach solution to the desired iodide:iodine weight ratio, eg about 2:1 to about 10:1 Gold is precipitated in the cathode compartment, and if desired, the cathode effluent may be treated for further removal of traces of gold before being passed to the anode compartment A method for preventing iron contamination of the cathode is also provided comprising buffering the lixiviant solution to a pH of about 5
TL;DR: The present data indicate that the iodine intake of Japanese depends on the amount of seaweed consumption and that it is not necessarily as high as expected from the data obtained in the 1960s.
Abstract: We examined the urinary iodine excretion of sedentary and physically active male university students in order to estimate the iodine intake of Japanese. Iodine excretion in sweat collected during treadmill exercise was also determined in different dietary iodine levels. The mean urinary iodine excretion of 5 sedentary students during 15 consecutive days was 357 micrograms/day (40-3,390). When high-iodine food, i.e. seaweed, was included in meals in only 22% of the total experimental days of 5 subjects, the urinary iodine excretion was high (1,106 micrograms/day, 298-3,390), but was low (153 micrograms/day, 40-441) when seaweeds were not consumed. An unexpectedly low mean urinary iodine excretion of 149 micrograms/day (50-393) was found in 10 rowing club students during 6 consecutive days of their summer training camp, probably being due to iodine losses in sweat; sweat iodine concentrations were about 37 micrograms per liter, regardless of serum and urinary iodine levels modulated by the dietary iodine level. The present data indicate that the iodine intake of Japanese depends on the amount of seaweed consumption and that it is not necessarily as high as expected from the data obtained in the 1960s. Moreover, our findings indicate the importance of taking account of iodine loss in sweat in the evaluation of iodine nutrition for physically active persons working in hot and humid environments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentrations of total iodine and iodate were determined in the water samples collected from various depths at 14 stations located in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary, and they correlated linearly with salinity.
Abstract: The concentrations of dissolved total iodine and iodate were determined in the water samples collected from various depths at 14 stations located in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary. The concentrations of total iodine and iodate ranged from undetectable (< 0.008 μM) to 0.40 μM and from undetectable to 0.36 μM, respectively, and salinities ranged from 0 to 33.9‰. The concentrations of total iodine and iodate increased with increasing salinity, and they correlated linearly with salinity. This implies that both total iodine and iodate behave conservatively in the estuary. The concentration of iodide, calculated as the difference in the concentrations of total iodine and iodate, was low throughout the estuary. Iodate was the major species of dissolved iodine in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary.
TL;DR: In conclusion, the intake of milk with an iodine concentration of 0.1 mg/l and a thiocyanate concentration of 19mg/l does not have a negative effect on the thyroid function in iodine deficient subjects.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The relationship between thyroid iodine content (TIC) measured by x-ray fluorescence and serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels was investigated under iodide supplementation and an escape from this organification block was observed in two patients.
Abstract: The relationship between thyroid iodine content (TIC) measured by x-ray fluorescence and serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels was investigated under iodide supplementation (0.5 mg/day for 1 to 9 mo). In five euthyroid control patients, whose TIC ranged from 2.5 to 14 mg, the TIC increased from 1.5 to 4 mg after 4 wk of treatment and had a tendency to plateau when the treatment was pursued. No significant changes in serum T4, T3, and TSH levels have been observed in these control subjects. Fourteen patients with autoimmune thyroiditis with low TIC (0-5 mg) were also studied. In six patients, the TIC increased significantly (3-10 mg over initial value after 3-7 mo of treatment). In parallel, there was a significant increase in serum T4 levels (35-150% over initial value) while T3 levels were modified in only two patients. In five patients serum TSH level decreased and was two- to seven-fold lower than before treatment whatever was its initial value; however, the spectrum of changes varied among patients from slight increase to a complete normalization of hormonosynthesis. In the eight other patients, iodide supplementation aggravated the thyroid disorders during the first months of treatment. The thyroid hormone blood levels dropped significantly in six patients (percent decrease below initial value: 20-100%) and was unchanged in the two others. An increase in the TSH blood level (X2-6) was observed in all patients except one. Concomitantly, the iodine stores were progressively depleted in three patients, unchanged in three and increased in two. When iodide treatment was pursued, an escape from this organification block was observed in two patients.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple method to determine peroxide value by conventional, difference or difference-derivative spectrophotometry was developed, which was carried out inside standard photometric cells containing iodide solution to which the sample is added.
Abstract: The spectrophotometric behavior of the system iodide-iodine-iodate-oxygen was studied, and a simple iodometric method to determine peroxide value by conventional, difference or difference-derivative spectrophotometry was developed. The procedures are carried out inside standard photometric cells containing iodide solution to which the sample is added. Absorbance or its first derivative with respect to wavelength is measured to determine iodine concentration by means of calibration curves. No special care to avoid iodide oxidation by atmospheric oxygen is necessary.
TL;DR: Esters are isolated in fine yields from the rhodium(I) catalyzed reaction of benzyl chlorides with borate esters and carbon monoxide, in the presence of potassium iodide as discussed by the authors.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the thyroid function has been studied, before and after 4 weeks daily administration of 250 ml of such treated milk, in 55 goitrous subjects living in an endemic goiter region of western Sudan.
Abstract: To utilize the antibacterial effect ofthe lactoperoxidase system to prevent bacterial spoilage of raw milk it is necessary to increase the thiocyanate concentration of the milk. Thiocyanate has, however, a potent antithyroid effect which is enhanced by iodine deficiency. In this study the thyroid function has been studied, before and after 4 weeks daily administration of 250 ml of such treated milk, in 55 goitrous subjects living in an endemic goiter region of western Sudan. The iodine content was 0. 1 mg/I and the thiocyanate content was either 3.6 mg/l (n 19) or 19 mg/l (n 36) in the milk. At the start of the experiment all subjects were iodine deficient with a urinary excretion of 40-SOg/g creatinine. After 4 weeks daily intake of 4.75 mg of thiocyanate by way of milk the serum thiocyanate level increased by approximately 1.7 mg/l. Both at the beginning and at the end ofthe experimental period the serum levels ofthyroxine, triiodothyronine and TSH were in the normal range for all subjects. After 4 weeks the TSH levels had decreased significantly, (from 2.6 ± 0.2 to 2. 1 ± 0.2 mUll, p < 0.001) probably as an effect of the supplementary intake of iodine. The thyroid hormone levels remained unchanged during the experimental period. In conclusion, the intake of milk with an iodine concentration of 0.1 mg/I and a thiocyanate concentration of 19 mg/I does not have a negative effect on the thyroid function in iodine deficient subjects. Am J Clin Nutr l98S;4l:lOlO-lOl4.