Showing papers on "Klebsiella pneumoniae published in 1987"
TL;DR: The emergence of transferable enzymatic resistance to newer beta-lactams in K pneumoniae strains indicates a major risk of spread of such resistance to otherwise sensitive strains.
434 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate an epidemic of antibiotic multiply-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae producing a new beta-lactamase, which is much more active against third-generation cephalosporins than against cEPhalothin.
Abstract: Approximately 10% (89 isolates) of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in 1985 from patients in intensive care units in Clermont-Ferrand exhibited a complex resistance phenotype towards antibiotics. They were resistant to amino-, carboxy- and ureidopenicillins, aminoglycosides (except gentamicin), chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and, most importantly, to cephalosporins (except cefoxitin and latamoxef) and to aztreonam. The metabolic profile of fifty isolates was identical and seven were selected for further study. All the resistance characters in these isolates were transferable to Escherichia coli by conjugation and were lost en bloc after treatment with ethidium bromide. Agarose gel electrophoresis of crude lysates of the wild types and their transconjugants indicated that the multiple resistances were mediated by a 95kb plasmid, pCF04. The seven isolates selected for study and their corresponding transconjugants, constitutively produced a plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase with a pI of 6.3 that was much more active against third-generation cephalosporins than against cephalothin. The substrate profile and the isoelectric-focusing behaviour of this enzyme differed from those of other known plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases, and the enzyme was designated CTX-1. A chromosomally-encoded SHV-1 (PIT-2) penicillinase (pI 7.7) was also present in the seven K. pneumoniae isolates but did not transfer. Resistance to aminoglycosides in the K. pneumoniae isolates was due to synthesis of a 6'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase type IV. Our data indicate an epidemic of antibiotic multiply-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae producing a new beta-lactamase.
382 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The presence of autoantibodies in the serum of patients with Klebsiella infections may be the result of non-specific stimulation due to bacterial polyclonal activation, however, there might also be a specific stimulus triggered by idiotypic cross-reaction between autoantIBodies and anti-KlebsIElla antibodies.
Abstract: In view of recent reports linking Klebsiella pneumoniae with autoimmunity, we have examined the sera of 52 patients with urinary tract infection or septicaemia from this Gram-negative pathogen, for the presence of antibodies to DNA, polynucleotides, cardiolipin and a common anti-DNA idiotype 16/6. Up to 27% of these patients had anti-polynucleotide antibodies detectable, and in 37% the 16/6 idiotype was found. Absorption of the sera of two patients, with no DNA binding, against the Klebsiella polysaccharide K-30 induced a significant fall in both their anti-K30 antibody and 16/6 idiotype levels. Among 52 patients with other Gram negative infections a maximum of 17% and 19% respectively, had anti-DNA antibodies and the 16/6 idiotype present in their serum. In 37 normal controls, the rate of antibody and idiotype detection was 5% or less. The presence of autoantibodies in the serum of patients with Klebsiella infections may be the result of non-specific stimulation due to bacterial polyclonal activation. However, there might also be a specific stimulus triggered by idiotypic cross-reaction between autoantibodies and anti-Klebsiella antibodies.
93 citations
76 citations
TL;DR: Six isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae possessing various degrees of virulence in rats and mice were examined for their in vitro production of an extracellular toxic complex (ETC), and antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide portion were protective against the homologous bacterium.
Abstract: Six isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (two serotype 1 isolates and a capsular variant of one of these, and two serotype 2 isolates and a capsular variant of one of these) possessing various degrees of virulence in rats and mice were examined for their in vitro production of an extracellular toxic complex (ETC). The ETC has been shown to be lethal for and produce extensive lung pathology in mice. This compound has been shown to be composed of capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, and a small amount of protein. All six isolates produced the ETC. Immunization of experimental animals with sublethal doses of the ETC was protective against both homologous and heterologous strains, and this protection was due to antibody production. An examination of the various phases of growth of K. pneumoniae showed that there was extracellular release of the component parts of the ETC occurring during all phases of growth. The presence of the ETC in the supernatant fluids was due to actual release of this material as opposed to cell lysis. Antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide portion (which has been shown to possess the observed toxicity) of the ETC were protective against the homologous bacterium.
61 citations
TL;DR: A 7.5-kilobase-pair multiresistance transposon, Tn1331, harboring amikacin resistance was identified as part of Klebsiella pneumoniae plasmid pJHCMW1 and restricted mapping, hybridization, and transposition complementation experiments demonstrated that it belongs to the Tn3 family.
Abstract: A 7.5-kilobase-pair multiresistance transposon, Tn1331, harboring amikacin resistance was identified as part of Klebsiella pneumoniae plasmid pJHCMW1. Restriction mapping, hybridization, and transposition complementation experiments demonstrated that Tn1331 belongs to the Tn3 family. Its structure is similar to that of Tn3 with the insertion of a DNA fragment encoding resistance to amikacin, kanamycin, and tobramycin.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this study the complete nucleotide sequence of the nifUSV gene clusters from both K. pneumoniae and A. vinelandii were determined and these genes are identically organized on their respective genomes, and the individual genes and their products exhibit a high degree of interspecies sequence homology.
Abstract: In the facultative anaerobe Klebsiella pneumoniae 17 nitrogen fixation-specific genes (nif genes) have been identified. Homologs to 12 of these genes have now been isolated from the aerobic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii. Comparative studies have indicated that these diverse microorganisms share striking similarities in the genetic organization of their nif genes and in the primary structure of their individual nif gene products. In this study the complete nucleotide sequence of the nifUSV gene clusters from both K. pneumoniae and A. vinelandii were determined. These genes are identically organized on their respective genomes, and the individual genes and their products exhibit a high degree of interspecies sequence homology.
54 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggested that LPS composition, especially the O-antigen polysaccharide chains, contributes to the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae strains to complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity.
Abstract: The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae to serum and the mechanism of complement activation by serum-susceptible (SerS) strains were investigated. The classical and alternative complement pathways are involved in serum killing of susceptible K. pneumoniae strains. The LPS composition seems to play a very important role in the serum bactericidal reaction, while capsular polysaccharide from this bacterium does not play any role. High-molecular-weight LPS from serum-resistant (Serr) K. pneumoniae strains was able to inhibit completely the serum bactericidal activity. LPS from SerS K. pneumoniae strains was not able to inhibit completely the serum bactericidal activity; low-molecular-weight LPS from Serr K. pneumoniae strains could not either. All these findings suggested that LPS composition, especially the O-antigen polysaccharide chains, contributes to the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae strains to complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity.
49 citations
TL;DR: The capacity of an antibiotic to kill bacteria at a slow growth rate may be relevant for its therapeutic effect in established infections, in which slowly growing bacteria form a substantial part of the total bacterial population.
Abstract: The antibacterial activities of ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime against Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo were compared. Although there was only a minor difference between the MBCs of both drugs, the bacterial killing rate of ciprofloxacin in vitro was very fast in comparison with that of ceftazidime. Similarly, the intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin at 1 h after bacterial inoculation resulted in effective bacterial killing in the lungs of leukopenic rats. This killing was dose dependent, in contrast to the dose-independent bactericidal effect of ceftazidime. The high antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin in the lungs as compared with that of ceftazidime was also reflected in its therapeutic efficacy in K. pneumoniae pneumonia and septicemia in leukopenic rats when these infections were treated at 6-h intervals over 4 days, starting at 5 h after bacterial inoculation. Concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in lung tissue were not significantly different. Regarding the antibacterial activity of both drugs against K. pneumoniae in relation to the bacterial growth rate in vitro and in the lungs of leukopenic rats, ciprofloxacin killed K. pneumoniae organisms that were not actively growing, whereas ceftazidime did not. In addition, it was demonstrated that when the intravenous administration of antibiotic was delayed from 1 h up to 24 h after bacterial inoculation, ceftazidime lost its antibacterial activity in the lungs and blood of leukopenic rats, whereas ciprofloxacin was still very effective. These data suggest that the capacity of an antibiotic to kill bacteria at a slow growth rate may be relevant for its therapeutic effect in established infections, in which slowly growing bacteria form a substantial part of the total bacterial population.
42 citations
TL;DR: A rapid and efficient method for plasmid transformation of Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 and Escherichia coli K12 has been developed and it is substantially more efficient than the conventional transformation procedure for E. coli.
Abstract: SUMMARY: A rapid and efficient method for plasmid transformation of Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al and Escherichia coli K12 has been developed. The method, which uses a freeze-thaw cycle in the presence of CaCl2 to facilitate DNA uptake, is substantially more efficient for K. pneumoniae M5al than the conventional transformation procedure for E. coli. The simplicity and speed of the method makes it very attractive for routine transformation of K. pneumoniae M5al and E. coli K12.
41 citations
TL;DR: Cefixime is a new orally absorbed iminomethoxy, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that has in vitro activity superior to cephalexin, cephradine, cefadroxil and cefaclor against all bacteria with the exception of staphylococci.
Abstract: Cefixime is a new orally absorbed iminomethoxy, aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. It inhibits the majority, 90%, of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at concentrations less than or equal to 0.25 micrograms/ml. It inhibits 90% of the other members of the Enterobacteriaceae at concentrations less than 1 microgram/ml, with the exception of some strains of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii, Cefixime does not inhibit enterococci, Listeria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides spp. or staphylococci. In general, cefixime has in vitro activity superior to cephalexin, cephradine, cefadroxil and cefaclor against all bacteria with the exception of staphylococci. Cefixime is not destroyed by most of the common plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases and its activity is not reduced by serum, blood or urine. Cefixime overall has excellent in vitro activity against the commonly encountered respiratory and urinary tract pathogens.
TL;DR: Incubation of the inactive 2Fe species of the Fe protein of the nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae with the sulphurtransferase rhodanese in the presence of thiosulphate, ferric citrate and reduced lipoate reproducibly restored activity.
Abstract: The inactive 2Fe species of the Fe protein of the nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae was generated by treating oxidized Fe protein (Kp2) with MgATP and chelator Incubation of the 2Fe species of Kp2 with the sulphurtransferase rhodanese in the presence of thiosulphate, ferric citrate and reduced lipoate reproducibly restored activity The extent of restoration of activity depended on the molar ratio of 2Fe Kp2 to rhodanese and was time-dependent Re-activation did not occur in the reaction mixture lacking rhodanese
TL;DR: It is suggested that the filamentous morphology induced by these antibiotics influences the distribution or amount of capsular polysaccharide such that cell envelope components previously masked by the capsule become accessible to complement and immunoglobulins.
Abstract: Growth of encapsulated (K+) and nonencapsulated (K-) Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in media containing sub-MICs of either cefuroxime or ciprofloxacin resulted in cell elongation but had little effect on the outer membrane protein or lipopolysaccharide profiles. Exposure to serum complement increased the surface hydrophobicity of a K- strain but failed to interact or to increase the surface hydrophobicity of the K+ strains. However, after growth of the K+ strains in sub-MICs of the antibiotics, complement increased their surface hydrophobicity and complement C3 was detected bound to their surface. Antisera raised against a K-O- strain agglutinated the K+ strains grown in the presence but not in the absence of cefuroxime or ciprofloxacin. These findings suggest that the filamentous morphology induced by these antibiotics influences the distribution or amount of capsular polysaccharide such that cell envelope components previously masked by the capsule become accessible to complement and immunoglobulins.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In vitro antimicrobial effect of the metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and its structural analog dimethylditho-cadmium (DMTC) were investigated and were effective against S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S.Aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus has appeared which is highly resistant to both methicillin and aminoglycosides. Current therapy involves long-term intravenous therapy of vancomycin. Since vancomycin is currently the only drug used to treat these patients, there is a need to develop additional antimicrobial therapy. The in vitro antimicrobial effect of the metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and its structural analog dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMTC) were investigated. Both DDTC and DMTC were effective against S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). By agar diffusion, DDTC at 10 micrograms per disk produced zone sizes of 12 to 21 mm and at 100 micrograms per disk produced zone sizes of 26 to 34 mm against MRSA. The DMTC produced slightly greater zone sizes against MRSA of 16 to 24 mm and 24 to 37 mm for 10 micrograms per disk and 100 micrograms per disk, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for DMTC against MRSA was 6 micrograms per ml. Both DDTC and DMTC were also effective against enterococci, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella species, Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii at 100 micrograms per disk. The MICs of DMTC for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Citrobacter freundii were approximately 128 micrograms per ml while the MICs for Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens was greater than or equal to 256 micrograms per ml. In addition, DMTC was synergistic with gentamicin against MRSA and coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additive and synergistic effects of DMTC were displayed with gentamicin against S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: The Klebsiella enterobactin receptor was identified as an 81 000 Mr iron-repressible outer membrane (OM) protein which appears to be highly conserved and shows considerable antigenic homology with that of Escherichia coli.
Abstract: Seventeen isolates of Klebsiella aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytocum and K. edwardsii were examined for their ability to express iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPs) and high affinity iron-chelating agents (siderophores). In response to iron deprivation, all strains induced at least 4 IROMPs in the approximate Mr range 70 000–85 000 and the phenolate siderophore enterobactin. Six strains also produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. The Klebsiella enterobactin receptor was identified as an 81 000 Mr iron-repressible outer membrane (OM) protein which appears to be highly conserved and shows considerable antigenic homology with that of Escherichia coli.
TL;DR: In this paper, an active-site peptide was isolated after labelling of the enzyme with tritiated beta-iodopenicillanate, which could explain the properties of the enzymes after modification by thiol-blocking reagents.
Abstract: beta-Lactamase K1 was purified from Klebsiella pneumoniae SC10436. It is very similar to the enzyme produced by Klebsiella aerogenes 1082E and described by Emanuel, Gagnon & Waley [Biochem. J. (1986) 234, 343-347]. An active-site peptide was isolated after labelling of the enzyme with tritiated beta-iodopenicillanate. A cysteine residue was found just before the active-site serine residue. This result could explain the properties of the enzyme after modification by thiol-blocking reagents. The sequence of the active-site peptide clearly established the enzyme as a class A beta-lactamase.
TL;DR: The characterization of Lac+R+ plasmids and the medical significance of an intergeneric transfer of lactose fermentation to non-lactose-fermenting pathogens are described.
TL;DR: The results of the present study do not support the concept of a specific cross-reactivity between antibodies to K pneumoniae and the PBMC of patients with AS who are HLA-B27 positive.
Abstract: Cross-reactivity between antibodies to 2 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K43 and F77) and the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was examined in 3 separate antibody binding and cytotoxicity assays. Using K pneumoniae antisera in a chromium release cytotoxicity assay, we found no difference in the reactions of cells from AS patients and those from control subjects. This result contrasts with the results of previous studies. Similarly, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we detected no significant increase in antibody binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in HLA-B27 positive patients with AS. Low levels of antibody binding were detected by a fluoresceinated antibody binding assay; however, normal rabbit serum, which was used as a control, was shown to have a binding affinity for PBMC that was significantly greater than that of specific K pneumoniae antisera. The results of our present study do not support the concept of a specific cross-reactivity between antibodies to K pneumoniae and the PBMC of patients with AS who are HLA-B27 positive.
TL;DR: In this article, the common bacteriophage receptor for these phages was shown to be the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the high-molecular-weight polysaccharides fraction (O-antigen).
Abstract: FC3-2, FC3-3 and FC3-6 are different Klebsiella-specific bacteriophages isolated on Klebsiella pneumoniae strain C3. The common bacteriophage receptor for these phages was shown to be the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction (O-antigen). Mutants resistant to these phages were isolated and found to be devoid of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen by several criteria. We concluded that no other outer membrane (OM) molecules were involved in phage binding. At least 2 different types of lipopolysaccharide-core mutant were obtained.
TL;DR: Complementation of a series of mutations in Escherichia coli K12 and K. pneumoniae by various R' and F' plasmids and by P1 transduction in K. infections located the sor genes within the following gene sequence: rbs rha pfkA metB ppc argH ilv btuB rpoB metA ace sor pgi malB uvrA.
Abstract: A series of mutants was isolated in Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 1033, among them mutants unable to grown on l-sorbose. Different R' plasmids carrying the sor genes and other surrounding chromosomal genes were also isolated. Each plasmid contained the structural genes sorA for an Enzyme II of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent carbohydrate: phosphotransferase system, sorD for a d-glucitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, sorE for an l-sorbose 1-phosphate reductase, and the corresponding regulator gene sorR. These structural genes are coordinately expressed and inducible by l-sorbose. Cis-dominant and pleiotropic mutations rendering the expression of the sor genes constitutive or eliminating it were isolated. Complementation of a series of mutations in Escherichia coli K12 and K. pneumoniae by various R' and F' plasmids and by P1 transduction in K. pneumoniae located the sor genes within the following gene sequence: rbs rha pfkA metB ppc argH ilv btuB rpoB metA ace sor pgi malB uvrA. The rbs-ilv gene loci tightly linked in E. coli K12 at 84 min, are separated in the map of K. pneumoniae 1033 and located at 86 and 89 min, respectively.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Mutants resistant to these phages were isolated and found to be devoid of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen by several criteria, concluding that no other outer membrane (OM) molecules were involved in phage binding.
Abstract: FC3-2, FC3-3 and FC3-6 are different Klebsiella-specific bacteriophages isolated on Klebsiella pneumoniae strain C3. The common bacteriophage receptor for these phages was shown to be the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction (O-antigen). Mutants resistant to these phages were isolated and found to be devoid of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen by several criteria. We concluded that no other outer membrane (OM) molecules were involved in phage binding. At least 2 different types of lipopolysaccharide-core mutant were obtained.
TL;DR: The best in vitro tests for the prediction of in vivo outcome were high inoculum susceptibility, checkerboard synergism testing, and conventional inoculum time-kill rates at concentrations of antimicrobials simulating extravascular levels obtained in vivo.
TL;DR: Eighty-four anaerobic fecal isolates obtained from five healthy volunteers were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of eight species ofEnterobacteriaceae, four species of faculative gram-positive cocci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Abstract: Eighty-four anaerobic fecal isolates obtained from five healthy volunteers were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of eight species ofEnterobacteriaceae,four species of faculative gram-positive cocci, andPseudomonas aeruginosa.Forty-nine of the 84 anaerobic isolates (58 %) inhibited the growth of at least one indicator bacterium. Isolates ofBacteroidesandBifidobacteriumspp. were most consistently inhibitory. Anaerobic cocci and clostridia were infrequently inhibitory; eubacteria showed no inhibitory activity.Serratia marcescenswas the indicator most often inhibited; 54 % of all anaerobic isolates tested, all of nineBifidobacteriumisolates and 33 of 43Bacteroidesisolates inhibited this organism. No anaerobes inhibited the growth ofEscherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus orStreptococcus faecalis.
TL;DR: The occurrence of haemagglutination and adherence properties were examined in 50 strains of K. pneumoniae and 17 K. oxytoca strains isolated from humans and a correlation between MSHA, MR/K-HA and adherence to tissue-cultured cells could not be detected.
Abstract: Summary The occurrence of haemagglutination (HA) and adherence properties were examined in 50 strains of K. pneumoniae and 17 K. oxytoca strains isolated from humans. All isolates except three exhibited HA activity. Mannose-sensitive haemagglutinins (MSHA) were expressed by the majority of K. pneumoniae strains, but only by one K. oxytoca isolate. Mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA) to human or guinea pig erythrocytes could not be detected; haemagglutinins of the MR/K type were found in both species with similar frequencies. Adhesive properties could be demonstrated in K. pneumoniae as often as in K. oxytoca : About half of the strains adhered to two human cell lines: HeLa and Intestine 407. The incidence of HA activity was similar in adhering and nonadhering strains. A correlation between MSHA, MR/K-HA and adherence to tissue-cultured cells could not be detected.
TL;DR: Of other antibiotics tested, ampicillin, cephalothin and sulfamethoxazole were found to have poor activity against many gram-negative isolates while nalidixic acid and mecillinam lacked activity against all gram-positives.
Abstract: In a prospective, coordinated, double-blind multicentre trial, outpatients with urinary tract infections were randomized to 7 days b.i.d. treatment with norfloxacin 200 mg or 400 mg or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The most prevalent species was Escherichia coli (76.6%) followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.1%), the latter of which showed a marked seasonal variation with peak incidence during late summer. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 11 antibiotics for 651 pre-treatment bacterial strains were studied. Norfloxacin was found to be active against all isolates with MICs≤1 mg/l for gram-negative and ≤8 mg/l for gram-positive isolates. Reduced susceptibility to norfloxacin was seen in 2 strains of E. coli and 1 of Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients with persisting or relapsing infections following treatment with norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. Of other antibiotics tested, ampicillin, cephalothin and sulfamethoxazole were found to have poor activity against many gram-negative isolates while nal...
TL;DR: Data suggest that extensive homologies exist in primary and secondary structure of both ATP synthase complexes reflecting a close phylogenetic relationship between the two enterobacteric tribes.
Abstract: The ATP synthase complex of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KF1F0) has been purified and characterized. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the purified F1F0 complexes revealed an identical subunit pattern for E. coli (EF1F0) and K. pneumoniae. Antibodies raised against EF1 complex and purified EF0 subunits recognized the corresponding polypeptides of EF1F0 and KF1F0 in immunoblot analysis. Protease digestion of the individual subunits generated an identical cleavage pattern for subunits α, β, γ, e, a, and c of both enzymes. Only for subunit δ different cleavage products were obtained. The isolated subunit c of both organisms showed only a slight deviation in the amino acid composition. These data suggest that extensive homologies exist in primary and secondary structure of both ATP synthase complexes reflecting a close phylogenetic relationship between the two enterobacteric tribes.
TL;DR: Experimental results that demonstrate the ability of iron-containing compounds to inhibit the growth of an important pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae, are discussed.
Abstract: This short review focuses on the immunological functions of iron-containing compounds Five such compounds--transferrin, haptoglobin, hemopexin, albumin, and lactoferrin--are thought to contribute to normal infection resistance Experimental results that demonstrate the ability of these compounds to inhibit the growth of an important pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae, are discussed