Showing papers on "Lead acetate published in 2013"
TL;DR: It is suggested that hesperetin shows antioxidant activity and plays a protective role against lead-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats.
Abstract: Objectives: Oxidative stress with subsequent lipid peroxidation (LP) has been suggested as a mechanism for lead-induced toxicity. The current study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of hesperetin against lead acetate-induced oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: The male rats were treated with hesperetin in combination with lead acetate (500 mg/L). Results: The results indicated that hesperetin alone did not induce any significant changes in the biochemistry of serum, liver, and kidney tissues. On the other hand, lead-induced oxidative stress as indicated by significant changes in serum biochemical parameters, including increased lipid peroxide and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in liver and kidney tissues. Hesperetin succeeded in improving these biochemical parameters towards the normal values of control. Conclusions: It suggests that hesperetin shows antioxidant activity and plays a protective role against lead-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats.
84 citations
TL;DR: The data shows that pre- and neonatal exposure of rats to Pb, leading to a concentration of Pb-B below 10 μg/dL, can decrease the number of hippocampus neurons, occurring concomitantly with ultrastructural alterations in this region.
59 citations
TL;DR: The preventive efficacy of nanocurcumin was evaluated against various altered biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress and lead accumulation in blood and soft tissues and suggest an interesting and novel approach for better treatment of lead toxicity.
Abstract: Chronic lead exposure is associated with several health disorders in humans and animals. Lead exposure leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and depletes body antioxidant enzymes causing damage to various macromolecules and ultimately cell death. Curcumin has been widely recognized to protect against metal toxicity but has major limitations of reduced bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation of curcumin could be an effective strategy to combat lead induced toxic manifestations. The present study investigates the protective efficacy of bulk and nanocurcumin against lead-induced toxicity. Swiss albino mice were daily exposed to lead acetate (25 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and after 1 h treated either with curcumin (15 mg/kg, orally) or nanocurcumin (15 mg/kg, orally) for two consecutive weeks. The preventive efficacy of nanocurcumin was evaluated against various altered biochemical variables suggestive of oxidative stress and lead accumulation in blood and soft tissues. Coadministration of nanocurcumin with lead restored the altered δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, glutathione (reduced and oxidized) levels, and also decreased reactive oxygen species, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels. Nanocurcumin due to its possible chelating property and enhanced bioavailability efficiently removed lead from blood and soft tissues compared to bulk curcumin. Results demonstrate the enhanced preventive efficacy of nanocurcumin and suggest an interesting and novel approach for better treatment of lead toxicity.
53 citations
TL;DR: The findings indicate that Pb combined with Cd induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of rats, and metallothionein may be a biochemical environmental indicator.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of aqueous solution of whole ginger on hepatic injury due to lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental rats have been investigated, and the results indicate that ginger has the potential to ameliorate leadinduced hepatotoxicity in rats possibly through its antioxidant mechanisms.
Abstract: Humans are exposed to a number of toxic elements in the environment. Lead, widely used in industry, is a great environmental health problem of both humans and animals. Effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation have been postulated to be major contributors to lead-exposure related disease. Effects of aqueous solution of whole ginger on hepatic injury due to lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental rats have been investigated. Lead acetate (LA) at a dose of 500 ppm in drinking water was administered to rats for 50 days to induce hepatic injury. Freshly prepared aqueous whole ginger solution at a dose of 160 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to rats. Lead acetate treatment caused hepatic injury as evident from increased activities of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) atrnd alkaline phosphatase (ALP), depleted hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and elevated hepatic malondialdhyde (MDA) concentration. Lead-induced oxidative stress in liver was evident from increased levels of lipid peroxidation and reduced level of GSH. The decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) indicates possible accumulation of ROS. The changes in AST and GPx activities and MDA concentration were found to be mitigated when the rats were treated with whole ginger. Also, ginger treatment of LA-exposed rats was found to enhance superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results indicate that ginger has the potential to ameliorate lead-induced hepatic injury due to oxidative stress in rats. Ginger may exert its protective actions against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats possibly through its antioxidant mechanisms and may have future therapeutic relevance.
Key words: Lead, ginger, oxidative stress, antioxidants, hepatotoxicity, albino rats.
42 citations
TL;DR: A significant dose-dependent increase in the BALF supernatant and lung homogenate levels of MDA and NO with decrease GSH level and SOD activity were observed in the lead-treated groups compared with the control group, suggesting lead acetate may be contributed to respiratory disorders via increased oxidative stress.
Abstract: Despite the wide spread of lead environmental pollution, the effect of this heavy metal on respiratory disease was not shown yet. In respect to increased oxidative stress is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease, the present study was designed to examine the association between lead toxicity and lung disease via measuring oxidative stress biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue of rat. For this aim, 32 rats were divided into the following groups of eight animals each: control, three lead tested (received lead acetate in the drinking water for a period of 14 d at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) groups. At the end of the 2 week period, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were measured to assess free radical activity in the BALF and lung tissue. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also determined. A significant dose-dependent increase in the BALF supernatant and lung homogenate levels of MDA and NO with decrease GSH level and SOD activity were observed in the lead-treated groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Thus, lead acetate may be contributed to respiratory disorders via increased oxidative stress.
40 citations
31 Dec 2013
TL;DR: Nigella sativa oil intake has cardio protective potential through its ability to decrease pro inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and cardiac tissue damage in lead-induced cardio toxicity.
Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate cardio-protective effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on lead induced cardio toxicity. Forty five albino adult rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control lead (Pb) group that received lead acetate (20 mg/kg/day) 3 times weekly for 8 weeks and PB + NSO group (rats pretreated with Nigella sativa oil (4 ml/kg) orally for 1 h before administration of lead acetate (given as in Pb group). Myocardial injury was assessed by laboratory and pathological studies, and heart rate was recorded in all animals. Lead intake resulted in significant increases in cardiac high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), E-selectin, troponin I, malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). The cardiac apelin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased in Pb group compared to the control. Currently, heart rate and ST segment increased significantly after lead intake. Heart lesions as a result of lead treatment were in the form of hemorrhage, myocardial necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis. Immuno histochemical results of the heart revealed positive cyclooxyenase-2 (Cox-2) expressions in Pb-treated group. NSO administration produced significant normalization of the physiological parameters as well as restored the histological structure and decreased the COX-2 expression of the heart compared to Pb group. In conclusion, NSO intake has cardio protective potential through its ability to decrease pro inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and cardiac tissue damage in lead-induced cardio toxicity.
Key words: Nigella sativa oil, lead acetate, cardio toxicity, inflammation.
36 citations
TL;DR: The conclusion is drawn that Se supplements could alleviate toxic effect of lead on hippocampal LTP and spatial memory and the treated with selenium around 0.2ppm may protect against spatial memory dysfunction induced by lead exposure.
Abstract: The effect of lead (Pb) on spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) as a key risk factor has been widely recognized and the oxidative damage has been proposed as a possible mechanism of lead neurotoxicity. Selenium (Se) is a nutritionally essential trace element with known antioxidant potential. In this study we investigated the effect and the underlying mechanisms of Se supplementary on Pb induced cognition and synaptic plasticity impairment. Lactating Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) were randomly divided to four groups: 0ppm lead acetate (Pb); 0ppm Pb and 0.2ppm sodium selenite (Se); 100ppm Pb; 100ppm Pb and 0.2ppm Se. Lactating rats were treated with or without Pb and/or Se throughout lactation until weaning. The levels of hippocampal LTP, the spatial memory, the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and the serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed. It had been observed that in Pb group the spatial memory, the induce level of LTP, the serum SOD level decreased, the LDH release level, the neurons apoptosis level, the serum MDA level increased, while in the Se supplements groups, the spatial memory, the induce level of LTP increased significantly. Compared with the Pb group, Se supplements shown down regulated the level of LDH, the neurons apoptosis and the serum MDA, and up regulated the level of serum SOD. We could draw the conclusion that Se supplements could alleviate toxic effect of lead on hippocampal LTP and spatial memory. The treated with selenium around 0.2ppm may protect against spatial memory dysfunction induced by lead exposure.
36 citations
TL;DR: The interactions between lead (II) acetate and lysozyme in aqueous solution were investigated by fluorescence, UV–vis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and circular dichroism spectroscopies and suggested different lead acetate species had varying influences on the micro-environment of ly sozyme.
35 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that lead might have toxic effect through intrinsic and extrinsic induction of apoptotic pathway with prominent effect on brain tissue even at low dose.
Abstract: Background : Lead toxicity has been subjected to intensive research work, but some aspects of its mechanism needs to be elucidated. Objectives: In the current study we aim to investigate the impact of lead toxicity on some different intermediates of apoptotic signaling pathway in experimental rats. Design and methods : We measured caspase-8 and caspase-9 [by chemilumenescence], Bax and Bcl-2 [by ELISA] in Experimental rats, injected intraperitoneally with lead acetate for 7days at the dosage of 25, 50 and l00 mg/kg body weight and compared to control rats injected with deionized distilled water instead. Results: Â Lead acetate significantly increased the levels of caspase 8, caspase 9 and Bax in liver, kidney and brain of experimental animals especially those with high doses. Meanwhile, caspase 8 and Bax significantly increased in brain tissue at low dose of lead, while Bcl-2 significantly increased only with advanced toxicity. Furthermore, Bax/ bcl2 ratio was significantly high in kidney (p<0.05), liver (p<0.01) and brain (p<0.01) at higher doses of lead toxicity. However, brain tissues showed significant Bax/Bcl2 ratio (p<0.05) at low lead dose. A significant positive correlation was noticed between the blood level of lead and enzymatic level of caspase 8, caspase 9 and Bax in different tissues. Conclusion : we concluded that lead might have toxic effect through intrinsic and extrinsic induction of apoptotic pathway with prominent effect on brain tissue even at low dose. Keywords: Lead toxicity, Rats, Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 8 and Caspase 9.
34 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that lead accumulation in the tissues of C. gariepinus was dependent on the exposure period and lead concentration, and the order of accumulation in tissues was gill > liver > kidney > muscle.
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the effects of sub-lethal exposure of lead acetate on the histopathology of the gills, liver, kidney and muscle and its accumulation in these organs of Clarias gariepinus. Results showed that lead accumulation in the tissues of C. gariepinus was dependent on the exposure period and lead concentration. Gills and liver were the predominant storage tissue and the order of accumulation in tissues was gill > liver > kidney > muscle. Some structural changes were observed in different organs, especially in the gills of the fishes exposed to lead acetate. Epithelial hypertrophy and epithelial lifting were apparent in the gills of exposed fishes. The degeneration of cytoplasm and secondary lamellae was also observed. Necrosis of hepatocytes was apparent. Glomerular expansion and gaps between the muscular bundles were found in the fishes exposed to lead acetate.
TL;DR: In conclusion, Pb-induced reduction in sperm count may be due to changes in the ultrastructure of spermatids, epididymal epithelia and Leydig cells, which can be reduced by vitamin E.
Abstract: Lead (Pb) is known to cause abnormal function of several systems including the male reproductive system, where it has been shown to reduce sperm count. In order to examine the morphological basis of the reduction in sperm count and a possible effect of vitamin E, lead acetate (1 mg/kg body weight) was given to control and vitamin E-treated mice daily, intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. The testis and body of epididymis of the mice were subjected to electron microscopy study. Pb caused degenerative changes in spermatids inducing vacuolization and a reduction in the number of cytoplasmic organelles in Leydig cells. Pb also destroyed the stereocilia of epididymal epithelium. The addition of vitamin E ameliorated the severity of these morphological changes. In conclusion, Pb-induced reduction in sperm count may be due to changes in the ultrastructure of spermatids, epididymal epithelia and Leydig cells. These changes can be reduced by vitamin E.
01 Dec 2013
TL;DR: Results suggest that both vitamin E and in to a lesser extent aqueous garlic extract have a potent antioxidant protection in the testes of rat against the lead-induced oxidative stress.
Abstract: The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of aqueous garlic extracts, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine on lead-induced lipid peroxidation, changes in antioxidant defense system and semen quality in the rat testes. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups. Animals within different treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 35 days as follows: group 1 rats served as control and received water and standard pellets as food ad libitum; group 2 received lead acetate by gavage (1000 ppm); group 3 was treated with A. sativum extract (400 mg kg-1, by gavage) plus lead acetate (1000 ppm); group 4 was treated orally with vitamin E (300 mg of alpha-tocopherol per kg of chow) plus lead acetate (1000 ppm); group 5 was treated orally with N-acetylcysteine (800 ppm)plus lead acetate (1000 ppm). The weights of testes, epididymis, epididymal sperm count, viable and motile sperms decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in lead-exposed rats. However treatment with vitamin E and aqueous garlic extract resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm motility and viability. Exposure to lead acetate significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level with a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the testes of rats while co-administration of vitamin E and lead caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in MDA concentration compared with lead-exposed group. These results suggest that both vitamin E and in to a lesser extent aqueous garlic extract have a potent antioxidant protection in the testes of rat against the lead-induced oxidative stress.
TL;DR: It was shown that the concentrations of Pb in serum and testis of mice significantly increased in the groups exposed to PB in a dose-dependent manner, and the male fertility significantly decreased in the Groups exposed to 1.0 and 1.5g/L Pb acetate.
TL;DR: It is indicated that acute exposure to low lead concentrations produces direct positive inotropic and lusitropic effects on myocardial contractility and increases the right and left ventricular systolic pressure, thus potentially contributing to the early development of hypertension.
Abstract: We studied the effects of the acute administration of small doses of lead over time on hemodynamic parameters in anesthetized rats to determine if myocardial contractility changes are dependent or not on the development of hypertension. Male Wistar rats received 320 µg/kg lead acetate iv once, and their hemodynamic parameters were measured for 2 h. Cardiac contractility was evaluated in vitro using left ventricular papillary muscles as were Na+,K+-ATPase and myosin Ca2+-ATPase activities. Lead increased left- (control: 112 ± 3.7 vs lead: 129 ± 3.2 mmHg) and right-ventricular systolic pressures (control: 28 ± 1.2 vs lead: 34 ± 1.2 mmHg) significantly without modifying heart rate. Papillary muscles were exposed to 8 µM lead acetate and evaluated 60 min later. Isometric contractions increased (control: 0.546 ± 0.07 vs lead: 0.608 ± 0.06 g/mg) and time to peak tension decreased (control: 268 ± 13 vs lead: 227 ± 5.58 ms), but relaxation time was unchanged. Post-pause potentiation was similar between groups (n = 6 per group), suggesting no change in sarcoplasmic reticulum activity, evaluated indirectly by this protocol. After 1-h exposure to lead acetate, the papillary muscles became hyperactive in response to a β-adrenergic agonist (10 µM isoproterenol). In addition, post-rest contractions decreased, suggesting a reduction in sarcolemmal calcium influx. The heart samples treated with 8 µM lead acetate presented increased Na+,K+-ATPase (approximately 140%, P < 0.05 for control vs lead) and myosin ATPase (approximately 30%, P < 0.05 for control vs lead) activity. Our results indicated that acute exposure to low lead concentrations produces direct positive inotropic and lusitropic effects on myocardial contractility and increases the right and left ventricular systolic pressure, thus potentially contributing to the early development of hypertension.
TL;DR: TL significantly prevented Pb induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner which was indicated by comparatively better performance of TL treated mice in Morris Water Maze Swimming Test and increased AChE activity in the tissue sample collected from the brains of these mice.
Abstract: Thunbergia laurifolia (linn., TL), a natural phenolic compound, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. The current study ascertains the total phenolic content present in TL aqueous leaf extract and also examines the antioxidant ability of the extract in preserving acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of mice exposed to lead in vivo and in vitro model. Mice were given lead acetate (Pb) in drinking water (1 g/L) together with TL 100 and 200 mg/kg/day. The result showed that Pb induced AChE dysfunction in both in vitro and in vivo studies. TL significantly prevented Pb induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner which was indicated by comparatively better performance of TL treated mice in Morris Water Maze Swimming Test and increased AChE activity in the tissue sample collected from the brains of these mice. TL also exhibited the greatest amount of phenolic content, which has a significant positive correlation with its antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggested that the total phenolic compounds in TL could exhibit antioxidant and in part neuroprotective properties. It may play a potential treatment strategy for Pb contamination.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that combined exposure to As and Pb showed an additive effect on antioxidant enzymes than individual metal exposure and chelation therapy with MiADMSA significantly reversed the As andPb induced apoptosis and oxidative stress, a major contributing factor to neurotoxicity.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of Pb2+exposure on growth rate, locomotor activity, anxiety, depression, plasma corticosterone and brain serotonin (5-HT) levels in rats showed that long term exposure to P b2+ significantly decreased the food intake followed by the decrease in growth rate in Pb 2+exposed rats as compared to control group.
Abstract: Lead toxicity is known to induce a broad range of physiological, biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions that may result in adverse effects on several organs, including the central nervous system. Long-term exposure to low levels of lead (Pb2+) has been shown to produce behavioral deficits in rodents and humans by affecting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. These deficits are thought to be associated with altered brain monoamine neurotransmission and due to changes in glucocorticoids levels. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Pb2+exposure on growth rate, locomotor activity, anxiety, depression, plasma corticosterone and brain serotonin (5-HT) levels in rats. Rats were exposed to lead in drinking water (500 ppm; lead acetate) for 5 weeks. The assessment of depression was done using the forced swimming test (FST). Estimation of brain 5-HT was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Plasma corticosterone was determined by spectroflourimetric method. The present study showed that long term exposure to Pb2+ significantly decreased the food intake followed by the decrease in growth rate in Pb2+exposed rats as compared to control group. No significant changes in open field activity were observed following Pb2+exposure while significant increase in anxiogenic effect was observed. Increased plasma corticosterone and decreased 5-HT levels were exhibited by Pb2+exposed rats as compared to controls. A significant increase in depressive like symptoms was exhibited by Pb2+exposed rats as compared to control rats. The results are discussed in the context of Pb2+ inducing a stress-like response in rats leading to changes in plasma corticosterone and brain 5-HT levels via altering tryptophan pyrrolase activity.
TL;DR: Investigation of the protective effects of vitamin E on lead acetate (Pb)-induced reproductive toxicities and genotoxic effects on male rats revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of abnormal sperm in treated animals.
Abstract: Lead is an industrial pollutant that may exert specific toxic effects on male
mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate further the protective
effects of vitamin E on lead acetate (Pb)-induced reproductive toxicities and
genotoxic effects on male rats. Sexually mature male Wistar rats (weighing
120-160 g) were given Pb (20 mg/Kg) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg/rat) orally for
20 days. The sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, chromosomal
aberrations, FSH, LH and testosterone levels, and histopathological changes
in the testes of the rats were investigated after 20 days. Results revealed a
statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in the number of abnormal sperm
in treated animals. Lead acetate increased the percentage of chromosomal
abnormalities. A significant decrease in LH, FSH and testosterone were
observed in the treated group compared to the control. Pathological
examination of testicular tissues showed degenerative changes of
spermatogonia and spermatocytes to advanced degeneration and vacuolation.
Lead acetate can be considered to have an environmental genotoxic and
cytotoxic effect in the male rat and may contribute to a reduction of
fertility. Vitamin E administration could reduce the genotoxic effect of lead
in somatic and germ cells. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction 10.2298/ABS150615078E
TL;DR: Results show that lead intoxication under hypoxic environment enhanced not only alveolar bone loss but also systemic and oral tissues inflammatory parameters, which could aggravate the physiopathological alterations produced by periodontal disease.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: CuLE may have future therapeutic relevance in the prevention of lead-induced hepatotoxicity in humans exposed occupationally or environmentally to this toxic heavy metal and may be used for development of new hepatoprotective drugs of herbal origin with less cytotoxic effects.
Abstract: Objectives: Aim of the study is to find therapeutic potentials of aqueous Curry Leaf (Murraya koenigii) Extract (CuLE) against lead induced oxidative damage in hepatic tissue. The objectives are to study the alterations of various stress parameters in lead induced hepatotoxicity and amelioration of the same with CuLE. Methods: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with lead acetate (15mg/kg body weight). Another group was pre-treated with CuLE (50 mg / kg, fed orally).The positive control group was fed CuLE (50 mg / kg), and the control animals received vehicle treatment i.p. for 7 consecutive days. Concentration of lead in liver was estimated by AAS study. The alterations in the activity of the different bio-markers of hepatic damage, biomarkers of oxidative stress, activities of the antioxidant and some of the mitochondrial enzymes were studied. Histomorphology and alteration in tissue collagen level was studied through H-E staining and Sirius red staining respectively. Quantification of tissue collagen content was evaluated using confocal microscopy. Results: Lead caused alterations in all the parameters studied. All these changes were mitigated when the rats were pre-treated with CuLE. Concentration of lead in liver tissue was also decreased following pre-treatment with CuLE. Conclusions: The results indicate that the CuLE ameliorates lead-induced hepatic damage in experimental rats by antioxidants present in the extract. CuLE may have future therapeutic relevance in the prevention of lead-induced hepatotoxicity in humans exposed occupationally or environmentally to this toxic heavy metal and may be used for development of new hepatoprotective drugs of herbal origin with less cytotoxic effects.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results show that the extract of Cyperus esculentus has a regenerative effect on the destroyed testicular histology induced by lead acetate.
Abstract: The effect of the extract of Cyperus esculentus on the changes in sperm count, activity, morphology and testicular histology induces by lead acetate was studied.18 adult male rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (control) were given clean drinking water and rat chow, group 2 were given intraperitoneally injection 8mg/kg body weight + water + rat chow. Group 3 were given intraperitoneally injection 8mg/kg body weight + water with extract of Cyperus esculentu+ rat cho . The results show a destruction in the testicular histology, decreased sperm count, activity and morphology of Group 2 administered with lead acetate only, which was statistically significant (P<0.05), and there was also a dose-dependent improvement in the parameters studied in the Group 3 given extract of Cyperus esculentus. This shows that the extract of Cyperus esculentus has a regenerative effect on the destroyed testicular histology induced by lead acetate.
TL;DR: The correlation between acute and chronic treatments, and between cell and model membranes, suggests that the present observations may be relevant in the pathogenesis of lead intoxication in humans.
TL;DR: Blood arsenic concentration and bioavailability decreased and lower absorption of As was observed when co-administered with Pb, suggesting other effects from physical and chemical parameters could contribute to the bioavailability of arsenic in complex real environmental samples.
Abstract: Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are common contaminants found in mine waste materials. For an evidence-based risk assessment, it is important to better understand the potential interaction of mixed contaminants; and this interaction study was investigated in an in vivo rat model. Following co-administration of a fixed dose of AsV as in sodium arsenate and different doses of Pb as lead acetate to Sprague–Dawley rats, blood arsenic concentration and bioavailability decreased. A decrease in As blood concentration when lead was co-administered was observed with increasing lead doses. Pharmacokinetic parameters for As in the blood showed faster absorption and elimination of this metalloid in the presence of Pb. The elimination half-life of As decreased from 67 days in As solo group to 27–30 with doses of Pb. Bioavailability of As was also decreased by 30–43 % in the presence of Pb. Decreased urinary excretion of Pb and tissue accumulation were also observed. It indicates lower absorption of As when co-administered with Pb. A probable explanation for these findings is that As co-administration with Pb could have resulted in the formation of less soluble lead arsenate. However, such an interaction between As and Pb could only explain about one-third of the variation when real mine waste materials containing both of these elements were administered to rats. This suggests that other effects from physical and chemical parameters could contribute to the bioavailability of arsenic in complex real environmental samples.
TL;DR: Mrp1 might play important roles in lead detoxification by Nrf2 in rats' testes, and significant increases were observed in the expressions of Mrp1 and NRF2 in two lead groups.
TL;DR: It is recommended that it must be administered of vitamin E as a protective agent to reduce the genotoxic effect of lead in the somatic and germ cells.
Abstract: Lead is industrial pollutant that may have toxic effects on the male. The aim of this study was to further investigate the protective effects of vitamin E on lead acetate (Pb) induced reproductive toxicities and genotoxicity effects in male rat. Sexually mature male Wistar rats (weighing 120-160 g) were given Pb (20 mg/Kg) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg/rat) orally for 20 days. The sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology, chromosomal aberrations, FSH, LH and testosterone levels, and histopathological changes in the testes of these rats, were investigated at the end of 20 days. Result revealed a statistically significant (p<0.01) increase in the number of abnormal sperm in treated animal. Lead acetate increased the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities. Significant decrease in LH, FSH, and testosterone were observed in treated group compare with the control. Pathological examination of testicular tissues showed degenerative changes of spermatogonia and spermatocytes to advanced degeneration and vacuolation. The observation, dealing that lead acetate can be considered as an environmental genotoxic and cytotoxic effect in male rat and may contribute in reduction of fertility. We recommended that it must be administered of vitamin E as a protective agent to reduce the genotoxic effect of lead in the somatic and germ cells.
TL;DR: The results provide a rationale for an inhibitory role of curcumin and regular exercise in the attenuation of lead-induced neurotoxicity and significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and total antioxidant capacity levels as compared to control group.
Abstract: Context: For many years it has been known that lead is life-threatening, not only as an air pollutant but also because of it has been associated with several conditions including neurodegenerative disease. Curcumin (the principal curcuminoid found in turmeric) has demonstrated potent antioxidant properties.Objective: We investigated neuroprotective effects of endurance exercise and/or curcumin on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus.Materials and methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) lead acetate, 2) curcumin, 3) training, 4) training + curcumin, and 5) control. The rats in the training groups performed treadmill running five times a week for 8 weeks (15–22 m/min, 25–64 min). All groups except control received lead acetate (20 mg/kg), whereas the control group received curcumin solution (ethyl oleate). In addition, the curcumin and training + curcumin groups received curcumin solution (30 mg/kg) intraperioneally.Results: Lead acetate resulted in a ...
TL;DR: The findings of the present study indicated that exposure to inhaled lead acetate may lead to asthma-like disease.
Abstract: This study was aimed to examine the effect of lead acetate on inflammatory biomarkers in blood of guinea pigs in comparison with sensitized animals. Thirty guinea pigs were randomly allocated into control (group C), sensitized (group S), and three Pb-exposed (groups 0.1M Pb, 0.2M Pb and 0.4M Pb). Animal sensitized after aerosolized-ovalbumin (OA) challenge. Pb-exposed groups inhaled 0.1M, 0.2M and 0.4M lead acetate for 1 h, three times a week for two weeks. Total and differential WBC counts, PLA2 activity and total protein levels were evaluated in blood of all animal groups. Serum PLA2 activity, total protein and total WBC number in sensitized and animal exposed to lead were significantly higher as compared to control group (p <0.05). When compared to control group, the percentages of eosinophil, nuetrophil and basophiles were also increased in sensitized guinea pigs (p <0.01). The percentage of eosinophil and basophile in animals exposed to high level of lead and that of basophile in animals exposed to middle lead concentration versus to control group significantly increased (p <0.05). In addition, the significant difference between the lymphocyte percentages of Pb-exposed groups and control group were decreased in concentration dependent manner. The findings of the present study indicated that exposure to inhaled lead acetate may lead to asthma-like disease.
TL;DR: The results provide a rationale for an inhibitory role of DM supplement and regular exercise in the attenuation of lead-induced neurotoxicity and significantly increased BDNF and TAC levels, as compared to the lead acetate group.
Abstract: Lead is a highly neurotoxic agent that particularly affects the developing central nervous system. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of exercise training and/or diferuloyl methane (DM) supplement, which is known as curcumin, on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups: 1) lead acetate, 2) DM supplement, 3) endurance training, 4) training+ DM supplement, 5) sham and 6) base. The rats in the training groups performed treadmill running consisting of 15 to 22 m · min -1 for 25 to 64 min, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. All groups except sham received lead acetate (20 mg · kg -1 ), whereas the sham group received DM solvent. In addition, the DM and training+DM groups received DM solution (30 mg · kg -1 ) intraperitoneally. Chronic administration of lead acetate resulted in a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, but not in the hippocampus. In addition, it led to significantly decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels, as compared to the sham group. Treadmill running, DM supplementation, or both resulted in a significant decrease in MDA levels and significantly increased BDNF and TAC levels, as compared to the lead acetate group. These results provide a rationale for an inhibitory role of DM supplement and regular exercise in the attenuation of lead-induced neurotoxicity.
TL;DR: In the present study, under a transmission electron microscope, ameliorated morphological damages in the hippocampus were observed in MGN-treated groups, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content, andThe GSH/oxidized glutATHione ratio in M GN- treated groups were increased, respectively.
Abstract: Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant Exposure to excessive amounts of lead is especially harmful to the central nervous systems of infants and young children, and oxidative stress has been reported as a major mechanism of lead-induced toxicity To evaluate the ameliorative potential of antioxidant mangiferin (MGN) on lead-induced toxicity, Morris water maze test, determination of blood and bone lead concentration, determination of antioxidant status in plasma, as well as observation of ultrastructural changes in the hippocampus were carried out In the present study, under a transmission electron microscope, ameliorated morphological damages in the hippocampus were observed in MGN-treated groups Blood and bone lead concentration in MGN-treated groups lowered to some extent (p < 005, p < 001) The activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content, and the GSH/oxidized glutathione ratio in MGN-treated groups were increased, respectively Further studies are needed to establish whether the observed differences were a direct cause of mangiferin on lead-induced toxicity or not This study might provide clues for the treatment of lead-induced toxicity