Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of the literature on orientation relationships in precipitation systems is presented, based on a unified view of all the known relationships in b.c.c/h.p.
465 citations
TL;DR: Patterns in antipredatory selection from high to low latitudes and altitudes, from fresh to salt water, and from Paleozoic to Recent time, and accord with previous evidence and predictions are revealed.
Abstract: The theory of evolution by natural selection requires the recognition of aptations. A given genetic variant can be shown to have an advantage over another with respect to an individual's viability in a given environment if (1) some individuals in the population reproduce after an encounter with the agent of selection for which the variant is believed to be beneficial, and (2) the beneficial variant has a higher frequency among individuals which have survived encounters with the agent than among those which died as a result of the encounter or among those which did not encounter the agent. In the special case of evolution of antipredatory features, unsuccessful predation is a necessary condition. A literature survey of 60 predaceous species reveals that unsuccessful predation is widespread; only 19 of 100 prey species (19%) were attacked in one or more vulnerable size classes with an efficiency (measured after the prey was detected) of 90% or more. The nature and effectiveness of antipredatory defenses can...
391 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the Allium test be included among those tests routinely used for assessing chromosomal damage induced by chemicals.
Abstract: The common onion (Allium cepa) is an excellent plant for the assay of chromosome aberrations after chemical treatment. Other species of allium (A. cepa var. proliferum, A. carinatum, A. fistulosum and A. sativum) have also been used but to a much lesser extent. Protocols have been given for using root tips from either bulbs or seeds of Allium cepa to study the cytological end-points, such as chromosome breaks and exchanges, which follow the testing of chemicals in somatic cells. It is considered that both mitotic and meiotic end-points should be used to a greater extent in assaying the cytogenetic effects of a chemical. From a literature survey, 148 chemicals are tabulated that have been assayed in 164 Allium tests for the clastogenic effect. Of the 164 assays which have been carried out, 75 are reported as giving a positive reaction (i.e., causing chromosome aberrations), 49 positive and with a dose response, 1 positive and temperature-related, 9 borderline positive, and 30 negative; 76% of the chemicals gave a definite positive response. It is proposed that the Allium test be included among those tests routinely used for assessing chromosomal damage induced by chemicals.
363 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, laboratory animals, aquatic life, terrestrial plants and livestock, and the information is summarized in this paper.
Abstract: In order to recommend the levels of lead concentration in fresh water which will not adversely affect various water uses, a literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, laboratory animals, aquatic life, terrestrial plants and livestock. The information is summarized in this paper.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the bestgadolinium materials with known properties, as derived from a literature survey, are plotted and the results of their field-dependent heat capacity measurements are presented.
151 citations
TL;DR: The use of numerical techniques in structural optimization is emphasized here because it provides insight into the design problem and because it often provides theoretical lower bounds against which more practical designs may be judged.
Abstract: ' Introduction T concept of optimization is intrinsically tied to natural phenomena as well as to the human desire to excel. Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) measured the shape of a trout and noted, without mathematical proof, that the trout was ideally proportioned to minimize flow resistance. Theodore von Kdrmdn observed that this is precisely the shape of a lowdrag airfoil. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894), in his classic verse, "The Deacon's Masterpiece; or, The Wonderful OneHoss Shay," recorded man's desire to produce a uniformly strong, durable product. In this case it was the structural design of a shay to last a hundred years. Perhaps the first analytical work in structural optimization was by Maxwell in 1869, followed by the better-known work of Michell in 1904. These works provided theoretical lower bounds on the weight of trusses, and, although highly idealized, offer considerable insight into the structural optimization problem and the design process. The 1940s and early 1950s saw development of component optimization in such works as Shanley's Weight-Strength Analysis of Aircraft Structures. Also during this period, availability of the digital computer led to application of linear programming techniques to plastic design of frames, for example, the work of Heyman. This early numerical work is particularly significant in that it used mathematical programming techniques developed in the operations research community to solve structural design problems. Schmit in 1960 was the first to offer a comprehensive statement of the use of mathematical programming techniques to solve the nonlinear-inequality-constrained problem of designing elastic structures under a multiplicity of loading conditions. This work is significant, not only in that it ushered in an era of structural optimization, but also because it offered a new philosophy of engineering design which is only now beginning to be broadly applied. In Ref. 9 Schmit provides an excellent historical review of the development of this concept. Although this discussion will emphasize numerical design techniques, it is important to note that there has been an extensive amount of research in analytical methods of design. That work, although sometimes lacking the practicality of being applied to realistic structures, is nonetheless of fundamental importance because it provides insight into the design problem and because it often provides theoretical lower bounds against which more practical designs may be judged. References 10 and 11 provide an extensive review of the state-of-the-art in analytical design techniques. It is the use of numerical techniques in structural optimization that is emphasized here. The purpose is not to offer a tutorial on optimization or a comprehensive literature survey, although such works are referenced. Rather, it is to look briefly at the short history of modern structural optimization and assess the state-of-the-art from a somewhat more philosophical viewpoint. In this way we may begin to understand the ramifications of this fascinating approach to design. By learning what is now possible and what is not now possible, we may encourage the use of these techniques by practicing designers as well as identify research and development needs of the future.
127 citations
TL;DR: The structural formula of capsaicin was clarified and it was found that it is the vanillylamide of dicilenic acid and its empirical formula is C18H2703N and its molecular weight is 305.40 daltons.
Abstract: (1982). Capsaicin — A Literature Survey. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 321-339.
123 citations
TL;DR: Sixty-two plants are listed, which are used by traditional healers in the northeastern part of Tanzania, and their uses are reported, including medical use, isolated constituents and pharmacological effects.
117 citations
TL;DR: Preventive maintenance is required for all generating equipment in order to reduce the chances of capacity shortage and improve the overall availability of such units as discussed by the authors, and power companies spend millions of dollars per year for this purpose.
Abstract: Preventive maintenance is required for all generating equipment in order to reduce the chances of capacity shortage and improve the overall availability of such units. Power companies spend millions of dollars per year for this purpose.
88 citations
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59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a survey on numerical heat transfer and found that the majority of the participants were satisfied with the number of heat transfers performed by the algorithm, but not with the accuracy.
Abstract: (1982). A LITERATURE SURVEY ON NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER. Numerical Heat Transfer: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 369-420.
TL;DR: While the capital cost of the membrane-augmented distillation schemes can be significantly more than that of the conventional system, the annualized cost of these schemes will be approximately equal to that for distillation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic problem of photogeneration of ions in solution is how do the initially formed, highly reactive radical ions ever escape? It is argued that, aside from electron spin selection rules, a finite escape requires a finite jump to a distance greater than the contact or collapse radius of the initial ion pair.
Abstract: Electron transfer reactions have held a special place in chemistry because of their apparent simplicity. Both theoretical and experimental work have uncovered a world of detail beneath this plain exterior. The progress in understanding these reactions in photosynthetic systems and the rele vance of these processes to efficient utilization of solar energy have contributed to the momentum of advancement. In this article we restrict ourselves to a subtopic of this field: that of photochemical ion formation in liquids. Reviews in the general area of electron transfer reactions are available: for inorganic complexes, see (1); for photochemistry, see (2); for photosynthesis, see (3), and for radiation chemistry, see (4). We also set aside the topics of direct electron photoejection (5-7) and of multi photon events (8). The basic problem of photogeneration of ions in solution is how do the initially formed, highly reactive radical ions ever escape? It is argued that, aside from electron spin selection rules, a finite escape requires a finite jump to a distance greater than the contact or collapse radius of the initial ion pair. It is also argued that the escape and geminate recombina tion of the ions cannot be consistently described by the usual steady state kinetics but require an appropriate set of time dependent diffusion equations. We begin the review with a somewhat selective literature survey of photogenerated ions from charge transfer states and from bimolecular encounters. We choose work showing direct evidence for free ion formation from kinetic analysis of absorbance transients or from
TL;DR: Comparing TCA drug concentrations in the heart and skeletal muscle and considering the differences in perfusion to these organs, TCA drugs and metabolites showed an affinity for the cardiac over the skeletal muscle.
Abstract: Blood, urine, heart, liver, and psoas muscle concentrations of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs and their N-desmethyl metabolites were determined in forty medical examiner cases. The cases were evaluated for the role played by the TCA drugs in the cause of death and compared to a literature survey of previously reported cases. The incidence of the various individual TCA drugs as a factor and the significance of the disposition of the drugs and their metabolites is included. Comparing TCA drug concentrations in the heart and skeletal muscle and considering the differences in perfusion to these organs, TCA drugs and metabolites showed an affinity for the cardiac over the skeletal muscle. The case results were correlated with experimental studies to suggest the relationships of blood concentrations with toxicity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of theoretical and experimental works relative to the handling performance of commercial vehicle combinations is presented, taking into account the following features: directional performance, roll dynamics, braking performance and combined braking and directional performance.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental works relative to the handling performance of commercial vehicle combinations. A commercial vehicle combination (road train) is defined as a tractor unit and an arbitrary number of trailers. The review contains literature corresponding the most widely used types of trains: tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer and tractor-semitrailer-semitrailer (doubles). The vehicle dynamic performance has been investigated taking into consideration the following features: directional performance, roll dynamics, braking performance and combined braking and directional performance. With the aim of evaluating the present state of research activities in the field of lateral dynamics of articulated commercial vehicles, the author has compiled some 250 references.
TL;DR: A thorough literature survey of drop size distributions, liquid water contents, and vertical thicknesses of fogs throughout the world is discussed and summarized in tables as mentioned in this paper, which is then used to obtain estimates of extinction of different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy.
Abstract: A thorough literature survey of drop size distributions, liquid water contents, and vertical thicknesses of fogs throughout the world is discussed and summarized in tables. The information on drop size distributions is then used to obtain estimates of extinction of different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy. The relative attenuations of visible wavelengths and wavelengths near 10 µm depend crucially upon the shape of drop size distributions. Attenuation of wavelengths near 1 mm by fog drops is always less than attenuation by the much shorter wavelengths. However, attenuation by water vapor is significant near 1 mm even in window regions between strong absorption lines. Sample computations on German data compare total attenuation in German fogs in different seasons.
TL;DR: In this article, a literature survey has been made of heat capacity and transition enthalpy values for ammonium nitrate, and new DSC experiments lead to Δ H 0 values for the IV a III, III a II and II a I transitions.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that a means of accurately measuring beam current during microprobe analysis of inorganic fluid microdroplets is essential, since certain elements were sublimated from such specimens under easily achieved beam current densities.
Abstract: SUMMARY
This paper shows that a means of accurately measuring beam current during microprobe analysis of inorganic fluid microdroplets is essential, since certain elements were sublimated from such specimens under easily achieved beam current densities, i.e. S at 1·8 nA/μm2, K at 2·5 nA/μm2, Na at 3·5 nA/μm2, P at 5·3 nA/μm2. In comparison, Cl was volatilized even under the mildest conditions used (0·35 nA/μm2), and Ca, Mg and Co were stable under the severest operating conditions (7·1 nA/μm2). Elements were less stable in large (3 μm diameter) droplets than in small (1 μm) droplets under identical irradiation conditions. The onset of volatilization is a direct function of the current delivered per unit area and not of the total integrated dose.
The addition of 50 g/l of urea to the mixed-salts (isoatomic) solution, or (a) the mounting of the droplets so that the carbon-celloidin support film was interposed between them and the electron source, and (b) top-coating the droplets with carbon, did not, in general, raise the threshold of volatilization of a given element, but did effectively retard the rate of loss at current densities above the volatilization threshold. A literature survey confirmed that similar losses can occur from biological tissue specimens, albeit at higher beam current densities.
Finally, the possibility that local specimen heating during electron/specimen interaction is a cause of element loss during microprobe analysis is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of metal pollution in the soil environment, physiological effect on plants, and factors contributing to uptake of individual metal from among a group of metals have been summarized.
Abstract: On the basis of reviews of more than 250 publications dealing with metal‐soil‐plant interaction, various controlling factors have been evaluated. Source of base metals, nature of soil formation and fractionation, and mobilization of metals in the soil profile, uptake limits by various plants, differing assimilation by different plants and different parts of a plant, etc. have been studied and the state of knowledge on the subject evaluated. Impact of metal pollution in the soil environment, physiological effect on plants, and factors contributing to uptake of individual metal from among a group of metals have been summarized. While extensive studies have been made on the micronutrient aspects of base metals in the soil environment, the literature survey revealed a wide gap in our knowledge on excess available base metals in the soil environment. Limited literature available on the subject clearly points out that metal pollution of plants will be the result of contamination of the soil environment. Finally...
TL;DR: A literature survey of reaction film lubrication can be found in this paper, where the state-of-the-art on reaction film Lubrication as a particular regime (compared to hydrodynamic regimes).
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of copper and copper compounds on human health, laboratory animals, aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and livestock, and the information is summarized in this paper.
Abstract: In order to recommend the levels of copper concentration in fresh water which will not adversely affect various water uses, a literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of copper and copper compounds on human health, laboratory animals, aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and livestock. The information is summarized in this paper.
TL;DR: A glossary of Scottish mineral species, listing some 443 mineral names, and containing 399 valid species has been compiled to fulfil a long recognized need as discussed by the authors.This glossary has been derived from an extensive literature survey, examination of many specimens from various museums and from data provided by individuals.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A glossary of Scottish mineral species, listing some 443 mineral names, and containing 399 valid species has been Compiled to fulfil a long recognized need. Wherever possible x-ray diffraction and chemical data have been used in the selection of the species. Entries for the glossary have been derived from an extensive literature survey, examination of many specimens from various museums and from data provided by individuals. The value of museum collections in works of this nature is highlighted, for without them coverage would be inadequate. Modern nomenclature in reference works is used as a yardstick for species status, but in some instances personal decisions had to be taken regarding the status of certain minerals. The mineral lists of Heddle have been revised and are now accredited with 162 valid species; this forms the nucleus of the glossary. Entries follow a standard sequence of name, ideal formula, crystal system, assemblage and locality details, except for Heddle entries. The first, or earliest found, reference is given for minerals discovered after 1901. Some minerals well entrenched in the literature are unsubstantiated. The glossary is accompanied by a text and three appendices, viz, minerals grouped anionically; mineral groups; and minerals which were discovered first in Scotland. Some 15 per cent of the species listed in this glossary have not been recorded previously for the United Kingdom.
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey is made and the experimental Fischer-Tropsch data are collected, the carbon number distribution of which cannot be fitted to a polymerization chain growth model.
TL;DR: The data show that typical breast milk intakes found in the industrialized countries can satisfy infant energy needs for healthy growth for much longer than would be indicated by current international dietary recommendations.
Abstract: A reassessment of the breast milk requirements of young babies at different ages has been made from a statistical analysis of energy intake data collected prospectively in Cambridge, U.K. and from data derived from a literature survey of cross-sectional food energy intakes of infants from Canada, Sweden, the U.K. and USA. In contrast to the slow progressive linear decline in energy requirements per kg body-weight that has previously been assumed, measured intakes have been shown to fall more rapidly in the first six months of life. Thereafter they then rise again as the baby becomes more active. These findings are of fundamental importance to a realistic assessment of the adequacy of breast milk as the sole source of food in the first six months of life. The data show that typical breast milk intakes found in the industrialized countries can satisfy infant energy needs for healthy growth for much longer than would be indicated by current international dietary recommendations. A discussion of the physiological interpretation of the results is included as is an appraisal of their practical significance both to breast and bottle feeding practices.
01 Apr 1982
TL;DR: The results of a literature survey on the stability of excavated hard rock caverns are presented in this paper, which suggests that the chief geotechnical issues for the development and operation of CAES caverns in hard rock are impermeability for containment, stability for sound openings, and hydrostatic balance.
Abstract: The results of a literature survey on the stability of excavated hard rock caverns are presented. The objective of the study was to develop geotechnical criteria for the design of compressed air energy storage (CAES) caverns in hard rock formations. These criteria involve geologic, hydrological, geochemical, geothermal, and in situ stress state characteristics of generic rock masses. Their relevance to CAES caverns, and the identification of required research areas, are identified throughout the text. This literature survey and analysis strongly suggests that the chief geotechnical issues for the development and operation of CAES caverns in hard rock are impermeability for containment, stability for sound openings, and hydrostatic balance.
TL;DR: It is suggested that coexisting celiac sprue is one of the mechanisms responsible for the malabsorption associated with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.
Abstract: Our study suggests that coexisting celiac sprue is one of the mechanisms responsible for the malabsorption associated with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Celiac sprue is relatively common, and this association could occur by coincidence. Alternately there may be shared determinants of susceptibility or perhaps a direct immunological relationship. In such patients, both gluten-free diet and correction of the hypoparathyroid state may be necessary to correct malabsorption. In our literature survey, this is the first case in which celiac sprue associated with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was documented. The importance of intestinal biopsy in evaluating malabsorption in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is emphasized.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the relevant literature to identify the probable mechanisms of crack formation at early ages of concrete structures, including self-desiccation and differential plastic shrinkage.
TL;DR: Details of the clinical appearance, operative removal and subsequent histological diagnosis are described, together with a literature survey and theories of possible aetiology.
TL;DR: A literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of zinc and zinc compounds on human health, aquatic life, plants, and livestock and the information is summarized in this publication.
Abstract: A literature survey was carried out on the toxic effects of zinc and zinc compounds on human health, aquatic life, plants, and livestock. The information is summarized in this publication.
13 Jul 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art of defect criticality assessment in structural composite laminates has been summarized and significance of other ongoing programs has been reviewed through literature survey and organization of a limited attendance symposium on the subject.
Abstract: : State of the art of defect criticality assessment in structural composite laminates has been summarized and significance of other ongoing programs has been reviewed through literature survey and organization of a limited attendance symposium on the subject. A number of tests have been performed to determine the range of validity of criticality criteria for disbonds in laminated beam and plate type structures, which were developed in previous related programs. Data correlation studies have shown the usefulness of linear elastic fracture mechanics approach, methods of stress analysis based on 2-D elasticity and modified laminated plate theories as well as semi-empirical growth laws for cyclic loading for assessing growth of disbonds under transverse shear. (Author)