Showing papers on "Photogrammetry published in 2010"

Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment

Abstract: This is a review of the latest developments in different fields of remote sensing for forest biomass mapping. The main fields of research within the last decade have focused on the use of small footprint airborne laser scanning systems, polarimetric synthetic radar interferometry and hyperspectral data. Parallel developments in the field of digital airborne camera systems, digital photogrammetry and very high resolution multispectral data have taken place and have also proven themselves suitable for forest mapping issues. Forest mapping is a wide field and a variety of forest parameters can be mapped or modelled based on remote sensing information alone or combined with field data. The most common information required about a forest is related to its wood production and environmental aspects. In this paper, we will focus on the potential of advanced remote sensing techniques to assess forest biomass. This information is especially required by the REDD (reducing of emission from avoided deforestation and degradation) process. For this reason, new types of remote sensing data such as fullwave laser scanning data, polarimetric radar interferometry (polarimetric systhetic aperture interferometry, PolInSAR) and hyperspectral data are the focus of the research. In recent times, a few state-of-the-art articles in the field of airborne laser scanning for forest applications have been published. The current paper will provide a state-of-the-art review of remote sensing with a particular focus on biomass estimation, including new findings with fullwave airborne laser scanning, hyperspectral and polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry. A synthesis of the actual findings and an outline of future developments will be presented.

Close range photogrammetry for industrial applications

Abstract: This article summarizes recent developments and applications of digital photogrammetry in industrial measurement. Industrial photogrammetry covers a wide field of different practical challenges in terms of specified accuracy, measurement speed, automation, process integration, cost-performance ratio, sensor integration and analysis. On-line and off-line systems are available, offering general purpose systems on the one hand and specific turnkey systems for individual measurement tasks on the other. Verification of accuracy and traceability to standard units with respect to national and international standards is inevitable in industrial practice. System solutions can be divided into the measurement of discrete points, deformations and motions, 6DOF parameters, 3D contours and 3D surfaces. Recent and future developments concentrate on higher dynamic applications, integration of systems into production chains, multi-sensor solutions and still higher accuracy and lower costs.

Point Clouds: Lidar versus 3D Vision

Abstract: Novel automated photogrammetry is based on four innovations. First is the cost-free increase of overlap between images when sensing digitally. Second is an improved radiometry. Third is multi-view matching. Fourth is the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), making complex algorithms for image matching very practical. These innovations lead to improved automation of the photogrammetric workflow so that point clouds are created at sub-pixel accuracy, at very dense intervals, and in near real-time, thereby eroding the unique selling proposition of lidar scanners. Two test projects compare point clouds from aerial and street-side lidar systems with those created from images. We show that the photogrammetric accuracy compares well with the lidar-method, yet the density of surface points is much higher from images, and the throughput is commensurate with a fully automated all-digital approach. Beyond this density, we identify 15 additional advantages of the photogrammetric approach.

Modelling vertical error in LiDAR-derived digital elevation models

Abstract: A hybrid theoretical–empirical model has been developed for modelling the error in LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of non-open terrain. The theoretical component seeks to model the propagation of the sample data error (SDE), i.e. the error from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data capture of ground sampled points in open terrain, towards interpolated points. The interpolation methods used for infilling gaps may produce a non-negligible error that is referred to as gridding error. In this case, interpolation is performed using an inverse distance weighting (IDW) method with the local support of the five closest neighbours, although it would be possible to utilize other interpolation methods. The empirical component refers to what is known as “information loss”. This is the error purely due to modelling the continuous terrain surface from only a discrete number of points plus the error arising from the interpolation process. The SDE must be previously calculated from a suitable number of check points located in open terrain and assumes that the LiDAR point density was sufficiently high to neglect the gridding error. For model calibration, data for 29 study sites, 200×200 m in size, belonging to different areas around Almeria province, south-east Spain, were acquired by means of stereo photogrammetric methods. The developed methodology was validated against two different LiDAR datasets. The first dataset used was an Ordnance Survey (OS) LiDAR survey carried out over a region of Bristol in the UK. The second dataset was an area located at Gador mountain range, south of Almeria province, Spain. Both terrain slope and sampling density were incorporated in the empirical component through the calibration phase, resulting in a very good agreement between predicted and observed data ( R 2 = 0.9856 ; p 0.001 ). In validation, Bristol observed vertical errors, corresponding to different LiDAR point densities, offered a reasonably good fit to the predicted errors. Even better results were achieved in the more rugged morphology of the Gador mountain range dataset. The findings presented in this article could be used as a guide for the selection of appropriate operational parameters (essentially point density in order to optimize survey cost), in projects related to LiDAR survey in non-open terrain, for instance those projects dealing with forestry applications.

Combined observations of rock mass movements using satellite SAR interferometry, differential GPS, airborne digital photogrammetry, and airborne photography interpretation

Abstract: [1] Recent global warming, through the related retreat of mountain glaciers, causes a growing number of different slope instabilities requiring accurate and cost-effective monitoring. We investigate the potential of combined remote sensing observations from satellite and airborne microwave and optical sensors for an efficient survey of mountainous ground displacements. The evolution of a paraglacial deep-seated rock mass movement due to glacier retreat in the Swiss Alps has been observed between 1976 and 2008 with satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, differential GPS, and airborne digital photogrammetry. Analysis of differential SAR interferograms revealed an acceleration of the landslide from ∼4 cm/yr in the slope-parallel direction during the mid-1990s to more than 30 cm/yr in the summer of 2008. Differential GPS surveys performed between the summers of 2007 and 2008 indicate seasonal variations of the landslide activity. The photogrammetric analysis revealed no significant movement (i.e., <1 cm/yr) between 1976 and 1995 and provides an overview of the total displacement between 1995 and 2006 with high spatial resolution. In situ and airborne photography interpretation suggests that the landslide was activated at earliest by the end of the Last Glaciation but without any significant long-lasting activity during the Holocene and that the exponentially increasing reactivation since the 1990s is the result of ongoing debutressing of the valley flank due to the glacier retreat in combination with strong precipitation and snowmelt events. We conclude that the employed remote sensing techniques complement each other well within a landslide hazard assessment procedure.

Photogrammetric modeling of underwater environments

Abstract: Underwater photogrammetry provides an efficient nondestructive means for measurement in environments with limited accessibility. With the growing use of consumer cameras, its application is becoming easier, thus benefiting a wide variety of disciplines. However, utilizing cameras for underwater photogrammetry poses some nontrivial modeling problems due to refraction effect and the extension of the imaging system into a unit of both the camera and the protecting housing device. This paper studies the effect that the underwater environment has on the photogrammetric process, and proposes a model for describing the geometric distortions and for estimating the additional parameters involved. The proposed model accounts not only for the multimedia effect, but also for inaccuracies related to the setting of the camera and housing device. The paper shows that only a small number of additional parameters is needed to model both elements and to preserve the collinearity relation. The results show that no unique setup is needed for estimating the additional parameters and that the estimation is insensitive to noise or first approximations. Experiments show that high levels of accuracy can be achieved.

Quantification of braided river channel change using archival digital image analysis

Abstract: Historical archives of grey-scale river channel imagery are extensive. Here, we present and test a methodology to extract detailed quantitative topographic date from such imagery of sand-bed rivers. Extracting elevation information from rivers is difficult as they are characterized by a low relative relief (less than 4 m); the area of interest may be spatially extensive (e.g. active channel widths > 500 m in large braided rivers); the rate of change of surface elevation is generally low except in the vicinity of individual channel banks where the rate of change is very high: there is the complication that comes from innundation: and there may be an added complication caused by blockage of the field of view by vegetation. Here, we couple archival photogrammetric techniques with image processing methods and test these for quantification of sand-bed braided river dynamics, illustrated for a 500 m wide, 3 km long reach of the Spouth Sasketchewan River, Canada. Digitial photogrammetry was used to quantify dry areas and water edge elevations. A methodology was then used to calibrate the special signature of inundated areas by combining established two media digital photogrammetric methods and image matching. This allowed determination of detailed depth maps for inundated area and, when combined with dry area data, creation of depths detectable from sequential digital elevation models. The result was a series of elevation models that demonstrate the potential for acquiring detailed and precise elevation data from any historical aerial imagery of rivers without needing associated calibration data, provided that imagery is of the necessary scale to capture the features of interest. We use these data to highlight several aspects of channel change on the South Saskatchewan River, including bar movement, bank erosion and channel infilling.

Assessing the Accuracy of Applying Photogrammetry to Take Geometric Measurements on Building Products

Abstract: The present research describes the fundamental working mechanism of photogrammetry and characterizes the errors of the photogrammetry-derived geometric measurements on building products in a systematic, practical, and statistically significant way. A site engineer simply takes snapshots of a building product with a digital camera from different angles. Back in office, the engineer derives as-built measurements through postprocessing those photos by use of photogrammetry software. The twelve objects sampled in our experiments were building products and building facilities found on the campus of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, yielding 79 paired geometric measurements (length, width, and height) by photogrammetry and by measurement tape, respectively. The biases and limitations of analyzing the agreement between two sets of measurements by regression and correlation coefficient techniques were first revealed. Then, the “95% limits of agreement” method was applied on the sample data and the confidence inte...

Applying close range digital photogrammetry in soil erosion studies

Abstract: Soil erosion due to rainfall and overland flow is a significant environmental problem Studying the phenomenon requires accurate high-resolution measurements of soil surface topography and morphology Close range digital photogrammetry with an oblique convergent configuration is proposed in this paper as a useful technique for such measurements, in the context of a flume-scale experimental study The precision of the technique is assessed by comparing triangulation solutions and the resulting DEMs with varying tie point distributions and control point measurements, as well as by comparing DEMs extracted from different images of the same surface Independent measurements were acquired using a terrestrial laser scanner for comparison with a DEM derived from photogrammetry The results point to the need for a stronger geometric configuration to improve precision They also suggest that the camera lens models were not fully adequate for the large object depths in this study Nevertheless, the photogrammetric output can provide useful topographical information for soil erosion studies, provided limitations of the technique are duly considered

Uavs for the documentation of archaeological excavations

Abstract: UAV photogrammetry experienced a growing variety of diverse applications in different scientific disciplines. Comparable early, UAVs were deployed in the Cultural Heritage and Archaeology domains, mainly for the purpose of monument, building and landscape modelling. In this paper, we will focus on the investigation of UAV application for documenting archaeological excavations. Due to the fact, that excavations are dynamic processes and therefore the objects to be acquired change significantly within few hours, UAVs can provide a suitable alternative to traditional measurement methods such as measuring tape and tachymeter in some cases. Nevertheless, the image processing steps have to be automated to a large amount as results, usually sketches, maps, orthophotos and 3D models, should be available temporally close to the related excavation event. In order to accelerate the processing workflow, an interface between the UAV ground control software and various photogrammetric software packages was developed at ETH Zurich which allows for an efficient management and transfer of orientation, trajectory and sensor data for fast project setup. The capabilities of photogrammetric methods using UAVs as a sensor platform will be demonstrated in 3 case studies: The documentation of a large archaeological site in Bhutan, an excavation of a smaller site containing ancient tombs which include several uncovered objects in the Nasca region in Peru and the Maya site of Copan in Honduras. The first and the third case study deal with the 3D modelling of buildings and their remains by means of photogrammetry, which means that accurate flight planning had to be applied and followed during the flights. In the second case study, we acquired various aerial images over the excavation area Pernil Alto near Palpa in a more simple way for quick documentation of the area of interest. In a third part, we will present our results from comparisons between the planned positions for image acquisition and the positions realized by the navigation unit during the flight for both UAV systems mentioned above. We will describe how accurate orientation data improve automated image processing if they are at hand directly after the flight and explain the workflow developed at ETH Zurich.

Photogrammetric monitoring of small streams under a riparian forest canopy.

Abstract: The recent advent of digital photogrammetry has enabled the modeling and monitoring of river beds at relatively high spatial resolution (0·01 to 1 m) through the extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional approach to image capture has been to mount a metric camera to an aircraft, although non-metric cameras have been mounted to a variety of novel aerial platforms to acquire river-based imagery (e.g. helicopters, radio-controlled motorized vehicles, tethered blimps and balloons). However, most of these techniques are designed to acquire imagery at flying heights above the riparian tree canopy. In relatively narrow channels (e.g. <20 m bankfull width), streamside trees can obscure the channel and limit continuous photogrammetric data acquisition of both the channel bed and banks, while still providing useful information regarding the riparian canopy and even spot elevations of the channel. This paper presents a technique for the capture and analysis of close-range photogrammetric data acquired from a vertically mounted non-metric camera suspended 10 m above the channel bed by a unipod. The camera is positioned under the riparian forest canopy so that the channel bed can be imaged without obstruction. The system is portable and permits relatively rapid image acquisition over rough terrain and in dense forest. The platform was used to generate DEMs with a nominal ground resolution of 0·03 m. DEMs generated from this platform required post-possessing to either adjust or eliminate erroneous cells introduced by the extraction process, overhanging branches, and by the effects of refraction at the air–water interface for submerged portions of the channel bed. The vertical precision in the post-processed surface generally ranged from ± 0·01 to 0·1 m depending on the quality of triangulation and the characteristics of the surface being imaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DEM-Aided Block Adjustment for Satellite Images With Weak Convergence Geometry

Abstract: To acquire the largest possible coverage for environmental monitoring, it is important in most situations that the overlapping areas and the convergent angles of respective satellite images be small. The traditional bundle adjustment method used in aerial photogrammetry may not be the most suitable for direct orientation modeling in situations characterized by weak convergence geometry. We propose and compare three block adjustment methods for the processing of satellite images using the digital elevation model (DEM) as the elevation control. The first of these methods is a revised traditional bundle adjustment approach. The second is based on the direct georeferencing approach. The third is a rational function model with sensor-oriented rational polynomial coefficients. A collocation technique is integrated into all three methods to improve the positioning accuracy. Experimental results indicate that using the DEM as an elevation control can significantly improve the geometric accuracy as well as the geometric discrepancies between images. This is the case for all three methods. Moreover, the geometric performance of the three methods is similar. There is a significant improvement in geometric consistency between overlapping SPOT images with respect to single image adjustment for steep areas.

Low-cost UAV-based thermal infrared remote sensing: Platform, calibration and applications

Abstract: Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is recognized as a powerful tool for collecting, analyzing and modeling of energy fluxes and temperature variations. Traditional aircraft, satellite or ground TIR platforms can provide valuable regional-scale environmental information. However, these platforms have limitations, such as expensive cost, complicated manipulation, etc. In comparison, small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have many advantages in TIR remote sensing applications over traditional platforms. In this paper, a low-cost UAV-based TIR remote sensing platform: AggieAir-TIR is introduced. AggieAir-TIR is a small, low-cost, flexible TIR remote sensing platform, which was accomplished at the Center for Self Organizing and Intelligent Systems (CSOIS) in Utah State University (USU). The detailed introduction of AggieAir-TIR remote sensing platform is provided in the paper. Furthermore, a low-cost TIR imaging camera calibration experiment is designed, and the calibration results are provided. Based on this AggieAir-TIR remote sensing platform, many remote TIR image data collection and analysis projects can be effectively implemented.

Towards fully automatic photogrammetric reconstruction using digital images taken from uavs

Abstract: We argue that the future of remote sensing will see a diversification of sensors and sensor platforms. We argue further that remote sensing will also benefit from recent advances in computing technology to employ new algorithms previously too complex to apply. In this paper we support this argument by three demonstrations. First, we show that an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with digital cameras can provide valuable visual information about the Earth’s surface rapidly and at low cost from nearly any viewpoint. Second, we demonstrate an end-to-end workflow to process a sizeable block of such imagery in a fully automated manner. Thirdly, we build this workflow on a novel computing system taking advantage of the invention of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) that is capable of performing complex algorithms in an acceptable elapsed time. The transition to diverse imaging sensors and platforms results in a requirement to deal with unordered sets of images, such as typically collected from a UAV, and to match and orientate these images automatically. Our approach is fully automated and capable of addressing large datasets in reasonable time and at low costs on a standard desktop PC. We compare our method to a semi-automatic orientation approach based on the PhotoModeler software and demonstrate superior performance in terms of automation, accuracy and processing time.

Quality assessment of 3D building data

Abstract: This project has been funded by Ordnance Survey Research, the research and development department of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, which is gratefully acknowledged. The first author, Devrim Akca, was formerly with the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry of ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Three-dimensional digital image correlation system for deformation measurement in experimental mechanics

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3-D) digital image correlation system for deformation measurement in experimental mechanics has been developed. The key technologies applied in the system are discussed in detail, including stereo camera calibration, digital image correlation, 3-D reconstruction, and 3-D displacement/strain computation. A stereo camera self-calibration algorithm based on photogrammetry is proposed. In the algorithm, the interior and exterior orientation parameters of stereo cameras and the 3-D coordinates of calibration target points are estimated together, using the bundle adjustment technique, so the 3-D coordinates of calibration target points are not needed in advance to get a reliable camera calibration result. An efficient image correlation scheme with high precision is developed using the iterative least-squares nonlinear optimization algorithm, and a method based on a seed point is proposed to provide a reliable initial value for the nonlinear optimization. After the 3-D coordinates of the object points are calculated using the triangulation method, the 3-D displacement/strain field could then be obtained from them. After calibration, the system accuracy for static profile, displacement, and strain measurement is evaluated through a series of experiments. The experiment results confirm that the proposed system is accurate and reliable for deformation measurement in experimental mechanics.

Forest canopy height retrieval using LiDAR data, medium-resolution satellite imagery and kNN estimation in Aberfoyle, Scotland

Abstract: The most common form of forest stand parameter estimation is undertaken based on field-based forest inventory data. Parameter estimations are implemented at a range of scales depending on the user needs and requirements. Due to time and cost constraints, these approaches are sample based, with measurements collected using sampling frames, which tend to be sparsely distributed when inventories are carried out across a country (e.g. national forest inventories) or region (Matthews and Mackie, 2006). Commonly, forest managers require detailed information on individual stands in order to plan silvicultural management strategies. Such information is typically derived from a stand-based inventory, where detailed measurements from several plots are collected within each stand, providing more precise forest parameter estimates. In recent decades, forest practitioners have increasingly integrated remote sensing data as a means of assisting and complementing forest inventories. Aerial photography has been used extensively to estimate forest attributes, which include species identification, tree height, crown diameter and the delineation of forest boundaries (Tuominen and Pekkarinen, 2005). Top height is an important forest parameter that is used in the UK and Ireland to estimate Yield Class (annual production potential) and as an indicator of standing biomass. Using remote sensing, tree height can be measured using high-resolution stereoscopic aerial photos, with photogrammetric techniques to measure the lengths of shadows projected onto level open ground (Kovats, 1997). However, these techniques are dependent on a number of factors that include level open ground and the need to determine the sun elevation and latitude, which consequently limits the operational use of these techniques. However, a more effective approach to determine tree heights in forests is by using parallax measurements from stereoscopic photographs (Schut and Van Wijk, 1965). More recently, research has been conducted that combines space-borne satellite imagery with forest inventory Forest canopy height retrieval using LiDAR data, medium-resolution satellite imagery and kNN estimation in Aberfoyle, Scotland

Augmented reality and photogrammetry: A synergy to visualize physical and virtual city environments

Abstract: Close-range photogrammetry is based on the acquisition of imagery to make accurate measurements and, eventually, three-dimensional (3D) photo-realistic models. These models are a photogrammetric product per se. They are usually integrated into virtual reality scenarios where additional data such as sound, text or video can be introduced, leading to multimedia virtual environments. These environments allow users both to navigate and interact on different platforms such as desktop PCs, laptops and small hand-held devices (mobile phones or PDAs). In very recent years, a new technology derived from virtual reality has emerged: Augmented Reality (AR), which is based on mixing real and virtual environments to boost human interactions and real-life navigations. The synergy of AR and photogrammetry opens up new possibilities in the field of 3D data visualization, navigation and interaction far beyond the traditional static navigation and interaction in front of a computer screen. In this paper we introduce a low-cost outdoor mobile AR application to integrate buildings of different urban spaces. High-accuracy 3D photo-models derived from close-range photogrammetry are integrated in real (physical) urban worlds. The augmented environment that is presented herein requires for visualization a see-through video head mounted display (HMD), whereas user’s movement navigation is achieved in the real world with the help of an inertial navigation sensor. After introducing the basics of AR technology, the paper will deal with real-time orientation and tracking in combined physical and virtual city environments, merging close-range photogrammetry and AR. There are, however, some software and complex issues, which are discussed in the paper.

Evaluation of the RPC model for spaceborne SAR imagery.

Abstract: The rational polynomial coefficient (RPC) model has raised considerable interest in the photogrammetry and remote sensing community. Much work has been done on frame camera imagery and/or push-broom scanner imagery, and it has been widely accepted that the RPC model can be taken as an alternative to rigorous sensor models for photogrammetric processing. However, there have been few publications discussing the application of the RPC model to SAR image processing. In this paper, we first review the geometric effects of SAR imagery and compare SAR imagery with optical satellite imagery. Then, the unbiased RPC estimators for a series of SAR images are derived. Based on numerous tests with the rigorous sensor model available, the modeling error of the RPC is analyzed. This study found that the RPC model is suitable for SAR imagery and can be used as a replacement for the rigorous sensor model for photogrammetric processing.

Assessing the performance of a structured light scanner

Abstract: An alternative to the mostly known and market dominating laser scanners are Structured Light scanners. Structured light 3D scanners project a pattern of light on the object and detect the deformation of the pattern on the object. They are basically non-contact optical systems, based almost entirely on the principles of photogrammetry in order to transform image pairs to surface information. They are able to achieve information of very high density and of very high accuracy. For assessing the capabilities of such a system under real working conditions some tests were performed and their results are analysed and presented in this paper. Among others, industrial prototype gauges served as test objects, with their dimensions known at very high accuracy. Suitable mesh densities were implemented for deriving the objects’ surface. They were measured and compared to the nominal values. In addition, the system was put to test under several ambient conditions, i.e. natural sunlight and indoor lighting, and using various object materials, like marble, wood, stone etc., in order to assess its qualitative performance. Reference is also made in the paper to several practical applications of the system, in order to demonstrate its range of applicability. Special interest is given in processing aspects for the creation and visualization of detailed photorealistic 3D models. Various well known open issues in the related processes are identified and the respective solutions/significant improvements in the workflow pipeline brought by the employment of new technologies are highlighted. The software used is described and high resolution visualizations of sub-millimeter accuracy for each case study are presented and assessed based on completeness, accuracy and ease of processing. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the usage of the hardware and software components of the system, but also its performance characteristics. The practical results are discussed and evaluated based on the experience gained through these applications.

DGPF-Project: Evaluation of Digital Photogrammetric Camera Systems - Geometric Performance

Abstract: The geometric performance of digital airborne cameras also including the impact of direct sensor orientation has been evaluated by a test of the German Society of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation (DGPF). This test includes following airborne photogrammetric cameras: the large format frame cameras Z/I Imaging DMC, Vexcel Imaging UltraCamX and the line scanning camera system Leica Geosystems ADS40 (2 generation) and Jena Optronik JAS-150 as well as the mid-format camera Rolleimetric AIC-x1 and the combination of four mid-format cameras Quattro-DigiCAM. The results presented in this paper were achieved by a group of researchers from different institutions, working independently from each other and with different programs for data acquisition and bundle block adjustment. Moreover, different adjustment configurations (i.e. with/without use of perspective centre coordinates and/or attitude information from GPS/inertial systems), and also different control point configurations have been used in the test; this results in a wide range of solutions and accuracy results which are not easy to compare, on the other hand this just shows the spectrum of possible solutions in operational applications.

Exploitation of photogrammetry measurement system

Abstract: A digital photogrammetry measurement system (XJTUDP) is developed in this work, based on close range industry. Studies are carried out on key technologies of a photogrammetry measurement system, such as the high accuracy measurement method of a marker point center based on a fitting subpixel edge, coded point design and coded point autodetection, calibration of a digital camera, and automatic image point matching algorithms. The 3-D coordinates of object points are reconstructed using colinear equations, image orientation based on coplanarity equations, direct linear transformation solution, outer polar-line constraints, 3-D reconstruction, and a bundle adjustment solution. Through the use of circular coded points, the newly developed measurement system first locates the positions of the camera automatically. Matching and reconstruction of the uncoded points are resolved using the outer polar-line geometry of multiple positions of the camera. The normal vector of the marker points is used to eliminate the error caused by the thickness of the marker points. XJTUDP and TRITOP systems are tested on the basis of VDI/VDE2634 guidelines, respectively. Results show that their precision is less than 0.1 mm/m. The measurement results of a large-scale waterwheel blade by XJTUDP show that this photogrammetry system can be applied to industrial measurements.