Showing papers on "Politics published in 1993"

Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy

Abstract: The conditions associated with the existence and stability of democratic society have been a leading concern of political philosophy. In this paper the problem is attacked from a sociological and behavioral standpoint, by presenting a number of hypotheses concerning some social requisites for democracy, and by discussing some of the data available to test these hypotheses. In its concern with conditions—values, social institutions, historical events—external to the political system itself which sustain different general types of political systems, the paper moves outside the generally recognized province of political sociology. This growing field has dealt largely with the internal analysis of organizations with political goals, or with the determinants of action within various political institutions, such as parties, government agencies, or the electoral process. It has in the main left to the political philosopher the larger concern with the relations of the total political system to society as a whole.

Post-Capitalist Society

Abstract: From the Publisher: A probing and incisive analysis of the major world transformation from the Age of Capitalism to the Knowledge Society and how it will affect society, economics, business, and politics now and in the years ahead. In Post-Capitalist Society Peter Drucker describes how every few hundred years a sharp transformation has taken place and greatly affected society - its worldview, its basic values, its business and economics, and its social and political structure. According to Drucker, we are right in the middle of another time of radical change, from the Age of Capitalism and the Nation-State to a Knowledge Society and a Society of Organizations. The primary resource in the post-capitalist society will be knowledge and the leading social groups will be "knowledge workers." Looking backward and forward, Drucker discusses the Industrial Revolution, the Productivity Revolution, the Management Revolution, and the governance of corporations. He explains the new functions of organizations, the economics of knowledge, and productivity as a social and economic priority. He covers the transformation from Nation-State to Megastate, the new pluralism of political systems, and the needed government turnaround. Finally, Drucker details the knowledge issues and the role and use of knowledge in post-capitalist society. Divided into three parts - Society, Polity, and Knowledge - Post-Capitalist Society provides a searching look into the future as well as a vital analysis of the past, focusing on the challenges of the present transition period and how, if we can understand and respond to them, we can create a new future.

Agendas and instability in American politics

Abstract: When "Agendas and Instability in American Politics" appeared fifteen years ago, offering a profoundly original account of how policy issues rise and fall on the national agenda, the "Journal of Politics" predicted that it would 'become a landmark study of public policy making and American politics'. That prediction proved true, and in this long-awaited second edition, Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones refine their influential argument and expand it to illuminate the workings of democracies beyond the United States. The authors retain all the substance of their contention that short-term, single-issue analysis cast public policy too narrowly as the result of cozy and dependable arrangements among politicians, interest groups, and the media. Baumgartner and Jones provide a different interpretation by taking the long view of several issues - including nuclear energy, urban affairs, smoking, and auto safety - to demonstrate that bursts of rapid, unpredictable policy change punctuate the patterns of stability more frequently associated with government. Featuring a new introduction and two additional chapters, this updated edition ensures that their findings will remain a touchstone of policy studies for many years to come.

The Clash of Civilizations

Abstract: Huntington contends that culturally based “civilizations” exert stronger holds on people than economic systems, levels of development, or even political systems. Clearly, he views culture and civilization as, at least partially and importantly, distinct from economic and political life, a view that many scholars of political culture (e.g., Inglehart 1997; Putnam with Leonardi and Nanetti 1993; Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky 1990; Eckstein 1988) would dispute. In his later expansion of this article’s themes, Huntington focuses particularly on language and religion as clear indices of the distinctiveness of various civilizations (1996).

Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America

Abstract: Foreword by Keith Reeves of Swarthmore College 1 Introduction: The Puzzle of Participation in American Politics 2 The Political Logic of Political Participation 3 Citizen Participation in American Politics, 1952-1990 4 Citizen Participation in Governmental Politics 5 Citizen Participation in Electoral Politics 6 Mobilization and Participation in Electoral Politics 7 Solving the Puzzle 8 Conclusion: Mobilization and Political Equality Appendix A Participation in Governmental Politics: Data Sources Appendix B Participation in Electoral Politics: Data Sources Appendix C Participation in Governmental Politics: Tables Appendix D Participation in Electoral Politics: Tables Appendix E Mobilization and Participation in Electoral Politics: Tables

Policy Change And Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach

Abstract: * The Study of Public Policy Processes Hank C Jenkins-Smith and Paul A Sabatier The Advocacy Coalition Framework * Policy Change over a Decade or More P A Sabatier * The Dynamics of Policy-Oriented Learning H C Jenkins-Smith and P A Sabatier Qualitative Case Studies Of Policy Change And Learning * An Advocacy Coalition Approach to Change in Canadian Education Hanne B Mawhinney * Competing Advocacy Coalitions, Policy Evolution, and Airline Deregulation Anthony E Brown and Joseph Stewart Jr * California Water Politics: Explaining Policy Change in a Cognitively Polarized Subsystem John F Munro * Managing Technological Change in Federal Communications Policy: The Role of Industry Advisory Groups Richard P Barke Quantitative Analyses Of Policy Change * The Politics of Offshore Energy: Empirically Testing the Advocacy Coalition Framework H C Jenkins-Smith and Gilbert K St Clair * From Vague Consensus to Clearly Differentiated Coalitions: Environmental Policy at Lake Tahoe, 19641985 P A Sabatier and Anne M Brasher Conclusion * The Advocacy Coalition Framework: Assessment, Revisions, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners P A Sabatier and H C Jenkins-Smith Methodological Appendix * Measuring Longitudinal Change in Elite Beliefs Using Content Analysis of Public Documents H C Jenkins-Smith and P A Sabatier *

Protecting soldiers and mothers : the political origins of social policy in the United States

Abstract: It is generally believed that the United States lagged behind the countries of Western Europe in developing modern social policies. But, as Theda Skocpol shows in this historical analysis, the United States actually pioneered generous social spending for many of its elderly, disabled and dependent citizens. During the late 19th century, competitive party politics in American democracy led to the rapid expansion of benefits for Union Civil War veterans and their families. Some Americans hoped to expand veterans' benefits into pensions for all of the needy elderly and social insurance for workingmen and their families. But such hopes went against the logic of political reform in the Progressive era. Generous social spending faded along with the Civil War generation. Instead, the U.S. nearly became a unique maternalist welfare state as the federal government and more than 40 states enacted social spending, labour regulations, and health education programmes to assist American mothers and children. As Skocpol shows, many of these policies were enacted even before American women were granted the right to vote. Banned from electoral politics, they turned their energies to creating huge, nation-spanning federations of women's clubs, which collaborated with reform-minded professional women to spur legislative action across the country. Blending original historical research with political analysis, Skocpol shows how governmental institutions, electoral rules, political parties and earlier public policies combined to determine both the opportunities and the limits within which social policies were devised and changed by reformers and politically active social groups over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care

Abstract: In Moral Boundaries Joan C. Tronto provides one of the most original responses to the controversial questions surrounding women and caring. Tronto demonstrates that feminist thinkers have failed to realise the political context which has shaped their debates about care. It is her belief that care cannot be a useful moral and political concept until its traditional and ideological associations as a "women's morality" are challenged.Moral Boundaries contests the association of care with women as empirically and historically inaccurate, as well as politically unwise. In our society, members of unprivileged groups such as the working classes and people of color also do disproportionate amounts of caring. Tronto presents care as one of the central activites of human life and illustrates the ways in which society degrades the importance of caring in order to maintain the power of those who are privileged.

Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests

Abstract: It was once widely believed that landscapes become increasingly stable over time until eventually reaching a "climax state" of complete stability. In recent years, however, that idea has been challenged by a new understanding of the importance and inevitability of forces such as storms and fires that keep ecosystems in a state of constant change. The dynamics of fire ecology has emerged as a central feature of the new understanding as scientists and land managers redefine traditional assumptions about the growth and development of ecosystems. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests is a historical, analytical, and ecological approach to the effects and use of fire in Pacific Northwest wildlands. James K. Agee, a leading expert in the emerging field of fire ecology, analyzes the ecological role of fire in the creation and maintenance of the natural forests common to most of the western United States. In addition to examining fire from an ecological perspective, he provides insight into its historical and cultural aspects, and also touches on some of the political issues that influence the use and control of fire in the United States. In addition to serving as a sourcebook for natural area managers interested in restoring or maintaining fire regimes in Pacific Northwest wildlands, this volume provides an essential base of knowledge for all others interested in wildland management who wish to understand the ecological effects of fire. Although the chapters on the ecology of specific forest zones focus on the Pacific Northwest, much of the book addresses issues not unique to that region.

Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy.

Abstract: We argue that the social construction of target populations is an important, albeit overlooked, political phenomenon that should take its place in the study of public policy by political scientists. The theory contends that social constructions influence the policy agenda and the selection of policy tools, as well as the rationales that legitimate policy choices. Constructions become embedded in policy as messages that are absorbed by citizens and affect their orientations and participation. The theory is important because it helps explain why some groups are advantaged more than others independently of traditional notions of political power and how policy designs reinforce or alter such advantages. An understanding of social constructions of target populations augments conventional hypotheses about the dynamics of policy change, the determination of beneficiaries and losers, the reasons for differing levels and types of participation among target groups, and the role of policy in democracy.

Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House

Abstract: This book provides an incisive new look at the inner workings of the House of Representatives in the post-World War II era. Reevaluating the role of parties and committees, Gary Cox and Mathew McCubbins view parties in the House - especially majority parties - as a species of 'legislative cartel.' These cartels usurp the power, theoretically resident in the House, to make rules governing the structure and process of legislation. Possession of this rule-making power leads to two main consequences. First, the legislative process in general, and the committee system in particular, is stacked in favor of majority party interests. Second, because the majority party has all the structural advantages, the key players in most legislative deals are members of that party and the majority party's central agreements are facilitated by cartel rules and policed by the cartel's leadership. Debunking prevailing arguments about the weakening of congressional parties, Cox and McCubbins powerfully illuminate the ways in which parties exercise considerable discretion in organizing the House to carry out its work. This work will have an important impact on the study of American politics, and will greatly interest students of Congress, the presidency, and the political party system.

A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context

Abstract: A large literature has demonstrated that such economic factors as growth, inflation, and unemployment affect the popularity of incumbents within many democratic countries. However, cross-national aggregate analyses of "economic voting" show only weak and inconsistent economic effects. We argue for the systematic incorporation of political factors that shape the electoral consequences of economic performance. Multivariate analyses of 102 elections in 19 industrialized democracies are used to estimate the cross-national impact of economic and political factors. The analyses show that considerations of the ideological image of the government, its electoral base, and the clarity of its political responsibility are essential to understanding the effects of economic conditions on voting for or against incumbents.

When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change

Abstract: As governmental activity has expanded, scholars have been increasingly inclined to suggest that the structure of public policies has an important influence on patterns of political change. Yet research on policy feedback is mostly anecdotal, and there has so far been little attempt to develop more general hypotheses about the conditions under which policies produce politics. Drawing on recent research, this article suggests that feedback occurs through two main mechanisms. Policies generate resources and incentives for political actors, and they provide those actors with information and cues that encourage particular interpretations of the political world. These mechanisms operate in a variety of ways, but have significant effects on government elites, interest groups, and mass publics. By investigating how policies influence different actors through these distinctive mechanisms, the article outlines a research agenda for moving from the current focus on illustrative case studies to the investigation of broader propositions about how and when policies are likely to be politically consequential.

The Return of the Political

Abstract: In this work, Mouffe argues that liberal democracy misunderstands the problems of ethnic, religious and nationalist conflicts because of its inadequate conception of politics. He suggests that the democratic revolution may be jeopardised by a lack of understanding of citizenship, community and pluralism. Mouffe examines the work of Schmidt and Rawls and explores feminist theory, in an attempt to place the project of radical and plural democracy on a more adequate foundation than is provided by liberal theory.

Constituency Influence in Congress

Abstract: Substantial constituency influence over the lower house of Congress is commonly thought to be both a normative principle and a factual truth of American government. From their draft constitution we may assume the Founding Fathers expected it, and many political scientists feel, regretfully, that the Framers' wish has come all too true. Nevertheless, much of the evidence of constituency control rests on inference. The fact that our House of Representatives, especially by comparison with the House of Commons, has irregular party voting does not of itself indicate that Congressmen deviate from party in response to local pressure. And even more, the fact that many Congressmen feel pressure from home does not of itself establish that the local constituency is performing any of the acts that a reasonable definition of control would imply. Control by the local constituency is at one pole of both the great normative controversies about representation that have arisen in modern times. It is generally recognized that constituency control is opposite to the conception of representation associated with Edmund Burke. Burke wanted the representative to serve the constituency's interest but not its will, and the extent to which the representative should be compelled by electoral sanctions to follow the “mandate” of his constituents has been at the heart of the ensuing controversy as it has continued for a century and a half.

Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science And Politics For The Environment

Abstract: Using the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest as a case study, Kai Lee describes the concept and practice of "adaptive management," as he examines the successes and failures of past and present management experiences. Throughout the book, the author delves deeply into the theoretical framework behind the real-world experience, exploring how theories of science, politics, and cognitive psychology can be integrated into environmental management plans to increase their effectiveness.

Outside in the Teaching Machine

Abstract: 1. In a Word: Interview 2. More on Power/Knowledge 3. Marginality in the Teaching Machine 4. Woman in Differnce 5. Limits and Openings of Marx in Derrida 6. Feminism and Deconstruction, Again: Negotiations 7. French Feminism Revisited 8. Not Virgin Enough to Say That [S]he Occupies the Place of the Other 9. The Politics of Translation 10. Inscriptions: Of Truth to Size 11. Reading The Satanic Verses 12. Sammy and Rosie Get Laid 13. Scattered Speculations of the Question of Culture Studies

Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age

Abstract: 1. Introduction: The Politics of Official Knowledge 2. The Politics of Common-sense: Why the Right is Winning 3. Cultural Politics and the Text 4. Regulating Official Knowledge 5. Creating the Captive Audience: Channel One and the Political Economy of the Text 6. Whose Curriculum is This Anyway? (with Susan Jungck) 7. Hey Man, I'm Good! The Art and Politics of Creating New Knowledge in Schools 8. The Politics of Pedagogy and the Building of Community Appendix Education, Power, and Personal Biography: An Interview.

What democracy is ... and is not

Abstract: Philippe C. Schmitter is professor of political science and director of the Center for European Studies at Stanford University. Terry Lynn Karl is associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the same institution. The original, longer version of this essay was written at the request of the United States Agency for International Development, which is not responsible for its content.

Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates

Abstract: We investigate the origins of voters' expectations of greater female competency on "compassion" issues, such as dealing with poverty or the aged, and greater male competency on military and defense issues. We contrast two alternative explanations: gender-trait stereotypes, emphasizing a candidate's gender-linked personality traits; and gender-belief stereotypes, placing greatest importance on the differing political outlooks of male and female candidates. We test contrasting predictions from these two approaches with data from an experiment in which 297 undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to hear about a male or a female candidate with typically masculine or feminine traits. Overall, there was stronger support for the trait approach. Warm and expressive candidates were seen as better at compassion issues; instrumental candidates were rated as more competent to handle the military and economic issues. Moreover, masculine instrumental traits increased the candidate's perceived competence on a broader range of issues than the feminine traits of warmth and expressiveness. Finally, there was some limited support for the belief approach with gender-based expectations about the candidates' political views affecting their rated competency on compassion but not other types of political issues.

URBAN REGIMES AND THE CAPACITY TO GOVERN: A Political Economy Approach

Abstract: Regime theory starts with the proposition that governing capacity is not easily captured through the electoral process. Governing capacity is created and maintained by bringing together coalition partners with appropriate resources, nongovernmental as well as governmental. If a governing coalition is to be viable, it must be able to mobilize resources commensurate with its main policy agenda. The author uses this reasoning as the foundation/or comparing regimes by the nature and difficulty of the government tasks they undertake and the level and kind of resources required for these tasks. Political leadership, he argues, is a creative exercise of political choice, involving the ability to craft arrangements through which resources can be mobilized, thus enabling a community to accomplish difficult and nonroutine goals.

Government, authority and expertise in advanced liberalism

Abstract: This paper outlines Foucault's concept of governmentality and argues for its contemporary significance. It focuses upon the role that liberal modes of government accord to the exercise of authority over individual and collective conduct by expertise. The paper argues that nineteenth-century liberalism as a mode of rule produced a series of problems about the governability of individuals, families and markets and populations. Expertise provided a formula for resolving these problems instantiated in a range of complex and heterogenous ‘machines’ for the government of individual and collective conduct. Over the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries one sees the rise of a new formula for the exercise of rule, which one can call ‘the welfare state’ - within which expertise becomes linked to the formal political apparatus in new ways. the strategies of rule generated under this formula of ‘the welfare state’ have changed fundamentally over the last fifty years. A new formula of rule is taking shape, one...

The Politics of Free Trade Agreements

Abstract: Suppose that an opportunity arises for two countries to negotiate a free-trade agreement (FTA). Will an FTA between these countries be politically viable?And if so, what form will it take? We address these questions using a political-economy framework that emphasizes the interaction between industry specialinterest groups and an incumbent govemment. We describe the economic conditions necessary for an FTA to be an equilibrium outcome, both for the case when the agreement must cover all bilateral trade and for the case when a few politically sensitive sectors can be excluded from the agreement. (JEL F13, F15, D78) Governments have been meeting frequently of late to discuss the possibility of their forming bilateral or regional trading arrangements. The United States;has concluded bilateral agreements with Israel, Canada, and Mexico and will pursue talks

Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities

Abstract: Tables and Figures Preface 1. Ethnicity and Panethnicity 2. Coming Together: The Asian American Movement 3. Electoral Politics 4. The Politics of Social Service Funding 5. Census Classification: The Politics of Ethnic Enumeration 6. Reactive Solidarity: Anti-Asian Violence 7. Pan-Asian American Ethnicity: Retrospect and Prospect Notes References Interviews Index

International organizations as teachers of norms: the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cutural Organization and science policy

Abstract: Most explanations for the creation of new state institutions locate the cause of change in the conditions or characteristics of the states themselves. Some aspect of a state's economic, social, political, or military situation is said to create a functional need for the new bureaucracy which then is taken up by one or more domestic groups who succeed in changing the state apparatus. However, changes in state structure may be prompted not only by changing conditions of individual states but also by socialization and conformance with international norms. In the case of one organizational innovation recently adopted by states across the international system, namely, science policy bureaucracies, indicators of state conditions and functional need for these entities are not correlated with the pattern for their adoption. Instead, adoption was prompted by the activities of an international organization which “taught” states the value of science policy organizations and established the coordination of science as an appropriate, and even a necessary, role for states. This finding lends support to constructivist or reflective theories that treat states as social entities shaped by international social action, as opposed to more conventional treatments of states as autonomous international agents.

'It's great to have someone to talk to': Ethics and politics of interviewing women.

Abstract: Janet Finch's chapter explores some of the ethical problems involved in interviewing women. Drawing on her own work in which she interviewed clergy wives, and mothers involved in playgroups, she looks at the development of trust in the interview situation, and the exploitative potential of this. As she points out, if you are a woman sociologist, reasonably skilled m the arts of qualitative research and semi-structured interviewing, it is the easiest thing in the world to get women to talk to you. While traditional methods textbooks encourage the development of rapport (while deploring any 'overrapport'), there is little discussion, as Oakley (1981) and McRobbie (1982) have indicated, of the difficulties that can arise from this. Daniels (1967) in an illuminating discussion of the low-caste stranger in social research discusses one set of problems which can arise from the social relationships we have with those we interview. Janet Finch, in a rather different situation, discusses another. In the case of clergy wives, she was interviewing her peers; in the case of the playgroup mothers, women more powerless than she an ambiguous situation as she rightly recognises. The mechanisms that relatively powerful individuals may be able to use when being researched discussed in Scot t's chapter were not open

Democracy and difference

Abstract: Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Fraternity. 2. So Whata s Wrong with the Individual?. 3. Universal Pretensions in Political Thought. 4. Citizenship and Feminist Theory. 5. Democracy and Difference. 6. Must Feminists Give up on Liberal Democracy?. 7. The Promise of Democracy. 8. Pluralism, Solidarity and Change. Index.