Showing papers on "Power module published in 2008"

Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices

Abstract: Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices provides an in-depth treatment of the physics of operation of power semiconductor devices that are commonly used by the power electronics industry. Analytical models for explaining the operation of all power semiconductor devices are shown. The treatment focuses on silicon devicesandincludes the unique attributes and design requirements for emerging silicon carbide devices.

Renewable Energy Systems With Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation and Modeling

Abstract: A substantial increase of photovoltaic (PV) power generators installations has taken place in recent years, due to the increasing efficiency of solar cells as well as the improvements of manufacturing technology of solar panels. These generators are both grid-connected and stand-alone applications. We present an overview of the essential research results. The paper concentrates on the operation and modeling of stand-alone power systems with PV power generators. Systems with PV array-inverter assemblies, operating in the slave-and-master modes, are discussed, and the simulation results obtained using a renewable energy power system modular simulator are presented. These results demonstrate that simulation is an essential step in the system development process and that PV power generators constitute a valuable energy source. They have the ability to balance the energy and supply good power quality. It is demonstrated that when PV array- inverters are operating in the master mode in stand-alone applications, they well perform the task of controlling the voltage and frequency of the power system. The mechanism of switching the master function between the diesel generator and the PV array-inverter assembly in a stand-alone power system is also proposed and analyzed. Finally, some experimental results on a practical system are compared to the simulation results and confirm the usefulness of the proposed approach to the development of renewable energy systems with PV power generators.

Renewable energy in power systems

Abstract: Foreword . Preface . Acknowledgements . 1 Energy and Electricity . 1.1 The World Energy Scene. 1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use. 1.3 Generating Electricity. 1.4 The Electrical Power System. References. 2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation . 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear. 2.3 Hydroelectric Power. 2.4 Wind Power. 2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity. 2.6 Tidal Power. 2.7 Wave Power. 2.8 Biomass. 2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics. 2.10 Combining Sources. References. 3 Power Balance/ Frequency Control . 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electricity Demand. 3.3 Power Governing. 3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems. 3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability. 3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables. 3.7 Frequency Control Modelling. 3.8 Energy Storage. References. Other Useful Reading. 4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning . 4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form. 4.2 The Synchronous Generator. 4.3 The Transformer. 4.4 The Asynchronous Generator. 4.5 Power Electronics. 4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators. References. 5 Power System Analysis . 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Transmission System. 5.3 Voltage Control. 5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line. 5.5 Reactive Power Management. 5.6 Load Flow and Power System Simulation. 5.7 Faults and Protection. 5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations. 5.9 Reliability Analysis. References. 6 Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems . 6.1 Distributed Generation. 6.2 Voltage Effects. 6.3 Thermal Limits. 6.4 Other Embedded Generation Issues. 6.5 Islanding. 6.6 Fault Ride-through. 6.7 Generator and Converter Characteristics. References. 7 Power System Economics and the Electricity Market . 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Costs of Electricity Generation. 7.3 Economic Optimization in Power Systems. 7.4 External Costs. 7.5 Effects of Embedded Generation. 7.6 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy. 7.7 Electricity Trading. References. 8 The Future - Towards a Sustainable Electricity Supply System . 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Future of Wind Power. 8.3 The Future of Solar Power. 8.4 The Future of Biofuels. 8.5 The Future of Hydro and Marine Power. 8.6 Distributed Generation and the Shape of Future Networks. 8.7 Conclusions. References. Appendix: Basic Electric Power Engineering Concepts . A.1 Introduction. A.2 Generators and Consumers of Energy. A.3 Why AC?. A.4 AC Waveforms. A.5 Response of Circuit Components to AC. A.6 Phasors. A.7 Phasor Addition. A.8 Rectangular Notation. A.9 Reactance and Impedance. A.10 Power in AC Circuits. A.11 Reactive Power. A.12 Complex Power. A.13 Conservation of Active and Reactive Power. A.14 Effects of Reactive Power Flow - Power Factor Correction. A.15 Three-phase AC. A.16 The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit. Reference. Index.

Power Electronics in Smart Electrical Energy Networks

Abstract: Introduction Principles of Electrical Power Control Overview of Power Electronics Converters and Controls Quality Problems in Smart Networks EMC Cases in Distributed Electrical Power System High Frequency AC Power Distribution Platforms Integration of Distributed Generation with Electrical Power System Active Power Quality Controllers Energy Storage Systems Variable and Adjustable Speed Generation Systems Grid Integration of Wind Energy Systems Grid Integration of Photovoltaics and Fuel Cells

High Efficiency and Power Transfer in Wireless Power Magnetic Resonators

Abstract: Techniques for wireless power transmission at levels that induce high power transfer and/or high efficiency of coupling.

Multi power sourced electric vehicle

Abstract: An inductive power transfer (IPT) pad and system for the charging of electric and hybid electric vehicles. The batter of such a vehicle can be selectively coupled to a high power electrical supply for fast charging or a lower power electrical supply for charging using IPT. The batteries of the vehicles are used in a system to control the load demand in an electricity network through variations of the frequency of power supplied.

Versatile apparatus and method for electronic devices

Abstract: An electronic system which includes a power delivery surface that delivers electrical power to an electrical or electronic device. The power delivery surface may be powered by any electrical power source, including, but not limited to: wall electrical outlet, solar power system, battery, vehicle cigarette lighter system, direct connection to electrical generator device, and any other electrical power source. The power delivery surface delivers power to the electronic device wirelessly. The power delivery surface may deliver power via a plurality of contacts on the electrical device conducting electricity from the power delivery surface, conductively coupling the electronic device to the power delivery surface, inductively coupling the electronic device to the power delivery surface, optically coupling the electronic device to the power delivery surface, and acoustically coupling the electronic device to the power delivery surface as well as any other electrical power delivery mechanism.

PWM Converter Power Density Barriers

Abstract: Power density of power electronic converters in different applications has roughly doubled every 10 years since 1970. Behind this trajectory was the continuous advancement of power semiconductor device technology allowing an increase of converter switching frequencies by a factor of 10 every decade. However, today's cooling concepts, and passive components and wire bond interconnection technologies could be major barriers for a continuation of this trend. For identifying and quantifying such technological barriers this paper investigates the volume of the cooling system and of the main passive components for the basic forms of power electronics energy conversion in dependency of the switching frequency and determines switching frequencies minimizing the total volume. The analysis is for 5 kW rated output power, high performance air cooling, advanced power semiconductors, and single systems in all cases. A power density limit of 28 kW/dm3@300 kHz is calculated for an isolated DC-DC converter considering only transformer, output inductor and heat sink volume. For single-phase AC-DC conversion a general limit of 35 kW/dm3 results from the DC link capacitor required for buffering the power fluctuating with twice the mains frequency. For a three-phase unity power factor PWM rectifier the limit is 45 kW/dm3@810 kHz just taking into account EMI filter and cooling system. For the sparse matrix converter the limiting components are the input EMI filter and the common mode output inductor; the power density limit is 71 kW/dm3@50 kHz when not considering the cooling system. The calculated power density limits highlight the major importance of broadening the scope of research in power electronics from traditional areas like converter topologies, and modulation and control concepts to cooling systems, high frequency electromagnetics, interconnection technology, multi-functional integration, packaging and multi-domain modeling and simulation to ensure further advancement of the field along the power density trajectory.

Low power isolation design for a multiple sourced power bus

Abstract: A redundant power supply connected to a common load is provided. Each power supply is connected to the common load through a series of MOSFET pairs. Each MOSFET in a MOSFET pair is individually controlled to reduce power consumption as well as the need for heat sinks on discrete diodes. Moreover, by providing individually controllable MOSFETs the present invention is capable of switching between power supplies without shorting the power supplies or having a significant drop in bus voltage.

An Ultrahigh-Speed, Low Power Electrical Drive System

Abstract: New emerging applications in the areas of portable power generation, small turbocompressors and spindles require the development of ultrahigh-speed, low power electrical drives. A 500 000 r/min, 100 W electrical drive system is presented. Because of the ultrahigh-speed requirements, standard machine design and power electronic topology choices no longer apply and the complete drive system has to be considered. A permanent magnet machine with a slotless litz-wire winding is used, which results in a low motor inductance and a high fundamental machine frequency. Three different combinations of power electronic topologies and commutation strategies have been experimentally investigated. A voltage source inverter with block commutation and an additional dc-dc converter is selected as the most optimal choice for the power electronics interface as it results in the lowest volume of the entire drive system due to lower switching losses, no heat sink cooling required, a small number of semiconductor devices, and relatively simple control implementation in a low cost digital signal processor.

Apparatus, system, and method to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power. A monitoring module 202 receives signals from one or more sensors 116. The signals comprise power level information of an electric energy storage device, power level information of one or more energy converters 102/104, and power level information of an electric load. A determination module 204 compares the signals to determine whether electric power from the energy converters 102/104 satisfies the electric load. A regulation module 206 adjusts the electric power from the energy converters 102/104 in response to a determination by the determination module 204 that the electric power from the energy converters 102/104 does not satisfy an electric load threshold.

Method for managing electric power within a powertrain system

Abstract: A powertrain system includes a transmission operative to transfer power between a plurality of power actuators and an output member, and an energy storage device. A method for controlling the powertrain system includes establishing a first set of electric power limits and a second set of electric power limits for the energy storage device, determining a preferred input power from a first power actuator based upon the first set of electric power limits, determining a first set of power constraints for constraining input power from the first power actuator and a second set of power constraints for constraining output power from the output member based upon a second set of electric power limits, and controlling operation of the powertrain system based upon the preferred input power, the first set of power constraints, and the second set of power constraints.

Safety mechanisms, wake up and shutdown methods in distributed power installations

Abstract: A distributed power system including multiple DC power sources and multiple power modules. The power modules include inputs coupled respectively to the DC power sources and outputs coupled in series to form a serial string. An inverter is coupled to the serial string. The inverter converts power input from the serial string to output power. A signaling mechanism between the inverter and the power module is adapted for controlling operation of the power modules.

Method for controlling output power of an energy storage device in a powertrain system

Abstract: A method for controlling a powertrain system includes monitoring a state-of-charge of the energy storage device and determining a first set of electric power limits and a second set of electric power limits based on the state-of-charge of the energy storage device. The method further includes providing a power range for opportunity charging and discharging of the energy storage device based on the first set of electric power limits. The method further includes providing a power range for controlling output power of the energy storage device based on the second set of electric power limits.

System and method for protection during inverter shutdown in distributed power installations

Abstract: A protection method in a distributed power system including of DC power sources and multiple power modules which include inputs coupled to the DC power sources. The power modules include outputs coupled in series with one or more other power modules to form a serial string. An inverter is coupled to the serial string. The inverter converts power input from the string and produces output power. When the inverter stops production of the output power, each of the power modules is shut down and thereby the power input to the inverter is ceased.

Radio Frequency Power Delivery System

Abstract: A system and method are provided for delivering power to a dynamic load. The system includes a power supply providing DC power having a substantially constant power open loop response, a power amplifier for converting the DC power to RF power, a sensor for measuring voltage, current and phase angle between voltage and current vectors associated with the RF power, an electrically controllable impedance matching system to modify the impedance of the power amplifier to at least a substantially matched impedance of a dynamic load, and a controller for controlling the electrically controllable impedance matching system. The system further includes a sensor calibration measuring module for determining power delivered by the power amplifier, an electronic matching system calibration module for determining power delivered to a dynamic load, and a power dissipation module for calculating power dissipated in the electrically controllable impedance matching system.

Distributed energy conversion systems

Abstract: A distributed energy conversion system may include one or more DC power sources and two or more inverters to convert DC power from the power sources to AC power. The AC power from the two or more inverters may be combined to provide a single AC output. A module may include one or more photovoltaic cells and two or more inverters. An integrated circuit may include power electronics to convert DC input power to AC output power and processing circuitry to control the power electronics. The AC output power may be synchronized with an AC power distribution system.

Method for electric power boosting in a powertrain system

Abstract: A powertrain system is operative to transfer power between an input member (12) and a plurality of power actuators (56,72) and an output member (64) to generate an output torque. The power actuators (56,72) are connected to an energy storage device (74). A method for controlling the powertrain system includes monitoring operating conditions of the powertrain system, determining an electric power limit for output power of the energy storage device (74), selectively enabling electric power boost based upon the operating conditions of the powertrain system, and increasing the electric power limit when electric power boost is enabled.

Systems for highly efficient solar power

Abstract: Different systems to achieve solar power conversion are provided in at least three different general aspects, with circuitry that can be used to harvest maximum power from a solar source (1) or strings of panels (11) for DC or AC use, perhaps for transfer to a power grid (10) three aspects can exist perhaps independently and relate to: 1) electrical power conversion in a multimodal manner, 2) alternating between differing processes such as by an alternative mode photovoltaic power converter functionality control (27), and 3) systems that can achieve efficiencies in conversion that are extraordinarily high compared to traditional through substantially power isomorphic photovoltaic DC-DC power conversion capability that can achieve 99.2% efficiency or even only wire transmission losses. Switchmode impedance conversion circuits may have pairs of photovoltaic power series switch elements (24) and pairs of photovoltaic power shunt switch elements (25).

“Living and mobility”- a novel multipurpose in-house grid interface with plug in hybrid BlueAngle

Abstract: The alarming rate at which global energy reserves are depleting, is a major worldwide concern at economic, environmental, industrial and community levels. A partial solution to this crisis is the use of decentralized generations and vehicle-to-grid (or V2G) plug-in electric vehicles. This paper presents a novel dasialiving and mobilitypsila concept, through which plug-in-vehicles can be utilized for harnessing renewable energy, storage, transportation, and providing power for both residential and commercial customers. The proposed concept uses an efficient energy management unit (EEMU), a bidirectional power module with a grid-interface, a Web and wireless communication interface and a hybrid plug-in vehicle, called dasiaBlueAnglepsila. The EEMU overseas the operation of the overall system with real time monitoring of system variables. The power module of the proposed system uses a common DC link for power exchange. The amount and the direction of power flow amongst the sub-systems, which include the grid, renewable energy sources, household load and BlueAngle, is controlled by the EEMU in accordance with the systems variables. The proposed system is versatile, and expected to gain popularity amongst both commercial and residential users interested in resolving the global energy crisis.

Trends of Power Electronic Packaging and Modeling

Abstract: A review of recent advances in power electronic packaging is presented based on the development of power device integration. The presentation will cover in more detail how advances in both semiconductor content and power advanced package design and materials have co-enabled significant advances in power device capability during recent years. Extrapolating the same trends in representative areas for the remainder of the decade serves to highlight where further improvement in materials and techniques can drive continued enhancements in usability, efficiency, reliability and overall cost of power semiconductor solutions. Along with new power packaging development, the role of modeling is key to assure successful package design. An overview of the power package modeling is presented. Challenges of power semiconductor packaging and modeling in both next generation design and assembly processes are presented and discussed.

Power supply system for electrically powered vehicle and method for controlling the same

Abstract: A power supply system includes a main power storage device and a plurality of sub power storage devices. A converter is connected to a selected one of the sub power storage devices to convert voltage between the selected sub power storage device and an electric power feeding line bidirectionally. Connection of the sub power storage device is switched and, when the last sub power storage is used, a request to disconnect the sub power storage device is generated based on the SOC of the sub power storage device and the vehicle state. Specifically, where the SOC is included in a disconnection forced region in which the SOC is smaller than a reference lower limit, the sub power storage device is forced to be disconnected regardless of the vehicle state. Where the SOC is included in a disconnection permitted region in which the SOC is higher than that in the disconnection forced region, the disconnection request is generated on condition that the vehicle is in such a state that will not affect vehicle's drivability.

Tie-Line Power and Frequency Control of Electric Power Systems - Part II

Abstract: In a previous paper [ibid., vol. 72, pt. III, June 1953, pp. 562-71], the authors presented the results of a study of the performance of two interconnected steam-electric power-generating areas as affected by frequency and tie-line power controllers. The present paper extends this study to include hydroelectric power generating areas as well. As before, the object is to determine theoretically the best values of controller gains, that is, to find those controller settings that will result in best over-all system performance. The principal criterion of good performance is, also as before, the minimizing of any oscillations in tie-line power or system frequency resulting from load disturbances to either area. Thus, stability, rather than rapidity of response, is preferred, since the system actually is continually being disturbed by small and more or less random changes of load, rather than by the step load change used as a test disturbance in the study.

High-power piezoelectric acoustic-electric power feedthru for metal walls

Abstract: Piezoelectric acoustic-electric power feed-through devices transfer electric power wirelessly through a solid wall using elastic waves. This approach allows for the elimination of the need for holes through structures for cabling or electrical feed-thrus . The te chnology supplies power to electric equipment inside sealed containers, vacuum or pressure vessels, etc where holes in the wall are prohibitive or may result in significant performance degradation or requires complex designs. In the our previous work, 100-W of elec tric power was transferred thr ough a metal wall by a small, piezoelectric device with a simple-structure. To meet requirements of higher power applications, the feasibility to transfer kilowatts level power was inve stigated. Pre-stressed longitudinal piezoelectric feed-thru devi ces were analyzed by finite element modeling. An equivalent circuit model wa s developed to predict the char acteristics of power transfer to different electric loads. Based on the analytical results, a prototype device was designed , fabricated and successfully demonstrated to transfer electric power at a level of 1-kW. Methods of minimizing plate wave excitation on the wall were also analyzed. Both model analysis and experime ntal results are presented in detail in this paper. KEYWORD : piezoelectric devices, acoustic wave, electric powe r supply, wireless power feed, pressure vessels.

From Packaging to "Un"-Packaging - Trends in Power Semiconductor Modules

Abstract: Power semiconductor modules play a key role in power electronic systems. Their inherent advantage of integrating different power chips, circuits and sense, drive and protection functions into one sub-system with electrically insulated cooling has lead to a wide range of products, being different in size, power and function. This paper will provide an overview of today's power modules and packaging and interconnect technologies. Trends towards next generations of power modules will be highlighted. In the growing market of hybrid and electrical vehicles, products are emerging where power modules are "un-packaged" to arrive at highly integrated, compact sub-systems which are better suited for the harsh environmental conditions and the required power density than the classical power modules.

Power switch device

Abstract: The invention provides a power switch device for electronic systems equipped having a power module. The power switch device includes a first switch for activating a first signal, a second switch for activating a second signal, a logic judging module for receiving the first and second signals for logic algorithm processing, and a control module electrically connected to the electronic system and the logic judging module. The control module is adapted to generate and transmit on and off signals of the electronic system to the logic judging module. Further, the control module controls switching on the power module according to the off signal and the logic algorithm processing based on the first signal, and also controls switching off the power module according to the on signal and the logic algorithm processing based on the first and second signals.

Photovoltaic system power tracking method

Abstract: A photovoltaic system including a photovoltaic cell, and an electronic module connected to the photovoltaic cell. The electronic module is adapted to produce at least one control signal indicative of electrical power being generated by the photovoltaic cells. A tracking controller is adapted to receive the control signal(s) and based on the control signal(s), the controller is adapted to control a tracking motor for adjusting the system so that electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cells is increased. The photovoltaic system may include an optical element, adapted for concentrating solar light onto the photovoltaic cells. The electronic module preferably performs direct current (DC) to direct current (DC) power conversion and maximum power point tracking by electrical power, current, or voltage at either their inputs or their outputs. Alternatively, the tracking controller is configured to also perform maximum power point tracking by increasing to a local maximum electrical power by varying at least one of (i) current or voltage output from the photovoltaic cell or (ii) current or voltage output from the electronic module.

Cooling Concepts for High Power Density Magnetic Devices

Abstract: In the area or power electronics there is a general trend to higher power densities. In order to increase the power density the systems must be designed optimally concerning topology, semiconductor selection, etc. and the volume of the components must be decreased. The decreasing volume comes along with a reduced surface for cooling. Consequently, new cooling methods are required. In the paper an indirect air cooling system for magnetic devices which combines the transformer with a heat sink and a heat transfer component is presented. Moreover, an analytic approach for calculating the temperature distribution is derived and validated by measurements. Based on these equations a transformer with an indirect air cooling system is designed for a 10kW telecom power supply.

Low voltage ride through

Abstract: A system for connecting a wind turbine generator to a utility power network includes a first power converter that converts an AC signal from the wind turbine generator to a DC signal and supplies a controlled amount of reactive current to the wind turbine generator. The system also includes a second power converter, connected in series with the first converter, which converts the DC signal from the first power converter to a line-side AC signal and supplies a controlled amount of current to the utility power network. A power dissipation element is coupled to the first and second power converters for dissipating power from the first power converter.