Showing papers on "Prejudice published in 2000"
TL;DR: The author presents a theoretic framework for understanding racism on 3 levels: institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized, and presents an allegory about a gardener with 2 flower boxes, rich and poor soil, and red and pink flowers.
Abstract: The author presents a theoretic framework for understanding racism on 3 levels: institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized. This framework is useful for raising new hypotheses about the basis of race-associated differences in health outcomes, as well as for designing effective interventions to eliminate those differences. She then presents an allegory about a gardener with 2 flower boxes, rich and poor soil, and red and pink flowers. This allegory illustrates the relationship between the 3 levels of racism and may guide our thinking about how to intervene to mitigate the impacts of racism on health. It may also serve as a tool for starting a national conversation on racism.
1,828 citations
TL;DR: People who perceived the in-group as strong were more likely to experience anger toward the out-group and to desire to take action against it, and the effects of perceived in-groups strength on offensive action tendencies were mediated by anger.
Abstract: Purdue University Three studies tested the idea that when social identity is salient, group-based appraisals elicit specific emotions and action tendencies toward out-groups. Participants' group memberships were made salient and the collective support apparently enjoyed by the in-group was measured or manipulated. The authors then measured anger and fear (Studies 1 and 2) and anger and contempt (Study 3), as well as the desire to move against or away from the out-group. Intergroup anger was distinct from intergroup fear, and the inclination to act against the out-group was distinct from the tendency to move away from it. Participants who perceived the in-group as strong were more likely to experience anger toward the out-group and to desire to take action against it. The effects of perceived in-group strength on offensive action tendencies were mediated by anger. The annals of history and contemporary news sources bear overwhelming witness to the variety of ways in which out-groups are devalued, discriminated against, and sometimes decimated by the members of other groups. One group is shunned and avoided, a second economically exploited, another belittled and scape- goated, and yet another systematically murdered. In contributing a social psychological perspective to the understanding of negative intergroup behavior, social psychologists have typically focused on prejudice---a negative evaluation of a group and its mem- bers-as the cause of discrimination. Despite the insights provided by such an approach (for reviews, see Brewer & Brown, 1998; Dovidio, Brigham, Johnson, & Gaertner, 1996; Fiske, 1998; Macrae, Stangor, & Hewstone, 1996; Mackie & Smith, 1998a), conceptualizing prejudice as a negative evaluation of a group has proved of little help in explaining the wide variety of negative reactions to out-groups (Mackie & Smith, 1998a, 1998b; Schnei- der, 1996; E. R. Smith, 1993). Why does one out-group attract fear or contempt while another becomes the target of anger? If out- groups uniformly attract negative evaluation, what factors explain the impulse, desire, intention, or tendency to move against some groups and away from others? Unfortunately, very little work has been done to differentiate action tendencies elicited in intergroup contexts (Grant & Brown, 1995; Mackie & Smith, 1998a; Messick & Mackie, 1989; Wright, Taylor, & Moghaddam, 1990; important Diane M. Mackie and Thierry Devos, Department of Psychology, Uni- versity of California, Santa Barbara; Eliot R. Smith, Department of Psy- chological Sciences, Purdue University. This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant SBR 9209995, a Swiss National Science Foundation Fellowship, and National Institute of Mental Health Grants RO1 MH46840 and KO2 MH01178. Thierry Devos is now at the Department of Psychology, Yale University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Diane M. Mackie, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9660. Electronic mail may be sent to mackie @psych.ucsb.edu. 602 exceptions are discussed later). The research reported here consti- tutes an initial empirical investigation of a novel theoretical ap- proach to answering these questions. Although intergroup theorists have by and large concentrated on negative attitude or evaluation as a precursor to discrimination, emotion theorists have typically differentiated both the diversity of feelings that may be directed toward a particular target and the specificity of behavior that can follow from those feelings. Ap- praisal theories of emotion (Frijda, 1986; Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1988; C. A. Smith & Ellsworth, 1985), in particular, conceptualize personal emotions as complex reactions to specific situations or events that include quite differentiated cognitions, feelings, and action tendencies. Specific emotions experienced by an individual are triggered by appraisals (cognitions or interpretations) of whether an event appears to favor or harm the individual's goals or desires and whether the individual has the resources to cope or not, for example. Depending on their particular configuration, cogni- tive appraisals trigger specific emotional experiences (Ellsworth & Smith, 1988; Roseman, Spindel, & Jose, 1990; C. A. Smith & Ellsworth, 1985) and these emotional experiences in turn promote certain behaviors (Frijda, Kuipers, & ter Schure, 1989; Roseman, Wiest, & Swartz, 1994). Anger at another individual, for example, is typically conceptualized as resulting from appraisals that the other has harmed the self and that the self is strong. Such anger in turn leads to tendencies to aggress against that other person. Appraisal theory was developed to explain personal emotions experienced by individuals, and this focus was maintained in an important application of it to the intergroup context. Dijker (1987; Dijker, Koomen, van den Heuvel, & Frijda, 1996) asked native Dutch participants their emotional reactions to individual members of naturally occurring out-groups, with the assumption that these reactions depended on the nature of interpersonal interactions that participants had experienced. Respondents reported feeling a range of distinct negative and positive emotions about out-group mem- bers indicating that their personal emotions were indeed influenced by their individual experiences in encounters with other groups.
1,401 citations
TL;DR: A conceptualization of racism-related stress and its impact on well-being is offered that integrates existing theory and research on racism, multicultural mental health, and the stress process.
Abstract: A conceptualization of racism-related stress and its impact on well-being is offered that integrates existing theory and research on racism, multicultural mental health, and the stress process The conceptualization is relevant to diverse racial/ethnic groups, considers the larger social and historical context, and incorporates attention to culture-based variables that may mediate the relationship between racism and well-being Implications for intervention are discussed
1,331 citations
TL;DR: An extended version of the theory of gender and power is applied to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women’s vulnerability for acquiring HIV.
Abstract: Developed by Robert Connell, the theory of gender and power is a social structural theory based on existing philosophical writings of sexual inequality and gender and power imbalance. According to the theory of gender and power, there are three major social structures that characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the sexual division of labor, the sexual division of power, and the structure of cathexis. The aim of this article is to apply an extended version of the theory of gender and power to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. Subsequently, the authors review several public health level HIV interventions aimed at reducing women's HIV risk. Employing the theory of gender and power among women marshals new kinds of data, asks new and broader questions with regard to women and their risk of HIV, and, most important, creates new options for prevention.
974 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides an overview of United States-based research on the ways in which racism can affect mental health and describes changes in racial attitudes over time, the persistence of negative racial stereotypes and the ways that negative beliefs were incorporated into societal policies and institutions.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of United States-based research on the ways in which racism can affect mental health. It describes changes in racial attitudes over time, the persistence of negative racial stereotypes and the ways in which negative beliefs were incorporated into societal policies and institutions. It then reviews the available scientific evidence that suggests that racism can adversely affect mental health status in at least three ways. First, racism in societal institutions can lead to truncated socioeconomic mobility, differential access to desirable resources, and poor living conditions that can adversely affect mental health. Second, experiences of discrimination can induce physiological and psychological reactions that can lead to adverse changes in mental health status. Third, in race-conscious societies, the acceptance of negative cultural stereotypes can lead to unfavorable self-evaluations that have deleterious effects on psychological well-being. Research directions are outlined.
968 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup, and secondary emotions may even be Jellied to outgroups.
Abstract: If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or Essence. The role of intelligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and this article focuses oil attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such, they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup. Secondary emotions may even be Jellied to outgroups. These differential associations and attributions of specifically human emotions to ingroups versus outgroups should affect intergroup relations. Results from several initial experiments are summarized that support our reasoning. This emotional approach to prejudice and racism is contrasted with more classic, cognitive perspectives.
770 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an integrated threat theory of prejudice, and the three Cs of reducing Prejudice and discrimination, as well as a set of guidelines for reducing prejudice in children and adolescents.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. S. Oskamp, Multiple Paths to Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. Part I: Background Factors Affecting Prejudice. W.S. Stephan, C.W. Stephan, An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice. J. Sidanius, R.C. Veniegas, Gender and Race Discrimination: The Interactive Nature of Disadvantage. M.C. Taylor, Social Contextual Strategies for Reducing Racial Discrimination. Part II: Psychological Research on Reducing Prejudice. T.F. Pettigrew, L.R. Tropp, Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Recent Meta-Analytic Findings. S.T. Fiske, Interdependence and the Reduction of Prejudice. J.F. Dovidio, K. Kawakami, S.L. Gaertner, Reducing Contemporary Prejudice: Combating Explicit and Implicit Bias at the Individual and Intergroup Level. M.B. Brewer, Reducing Prejudice Through Cross-Categorization: Effects of Multiple Social Identities. P.G. Devine, E.A. Plant, B.N. Buswell, Breaking the Prejudice Habit: Progress and Obstacles. Part III: Applications in Social Settings. B. Major, W.J. Quinton, S.K. McCoy, T. Schmader, Reducing Prejudice: The Target's Perspective. D.W. Johnson, R.T. Johnson, The Three Cs of Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. F.E. Aboud, S.R. Levy, Interventions to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination in Children and Adolescents. M.A. Wittig, L. Molina, Moderators and Mediators of Prejudice Reduction in Multicultural Education. S. Oskamp, J.M. Jones, Promising Practices in Reducing Prejudice: A Report From the President's Initiative on Race.
625 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that White respondents appear to be more prejudiced in the interviews than in the survey, use a new racetalk to avoid appearing 'racist', and that the themes and arguments that they mobilize are congruent with what other analysts have labeled as ''laissez faire'' or ''competitive' racism.
Abstract: Survey-based research on Whites' racial attitudes in the USA has characterized their views as either `tolerant' or `ambivalent'. We argue that surveys on racial attitudes have systematically underestimated the extent of prejudice in the White population. The legal and normative changes created by the civil rights movement of the 1960s brought a new racial ideology (`color blind racism'), with new topics and a new form. These matters were examined by collecting survey and interview data from college students in three universities. The main findings were that White respondents appear to be more prejudiced in the interviews than in the survey, use a new racetalk to avoid appearing `racist', and that the themes and arguments that they mobilize are congruent with what other analysts have labeled as `laissez faire' or `competitive' racism.
513 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the question of whether and how heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians differ from their attitudes toward gay men and found that heterosexual women generally hold similar attitudes toward Gay men and lesbians, whereas heterosexual men are more likely to make distinctions according to gender.
Abstract: This article explores the question of whether and how heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians differ from their attitudes toward gay men Data from a 1997 national survey are presented to show that heterosexual women generally hold similar attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, whereas heterosexual men are more likely to make distinctions according to gender Moreover, men's attitudes toward lesbians are susceptible to situational manipulations Nevertheless, the underlying unity of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men is demonstrated by the fact that they are highly correlated for both heterosexual men and women It is suggested that heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay people are organized both in terms of minority group politics and personal sexual and gender identity and that attitudes toward lesbians are most likelyto be differentiated from attitudes toward gay men in the latter realm
455 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Eckes and Trautner as mentioned in this paper proposed an evolutionary life-history model of gender differences and similarities, which they used to understand the development of gender in the human brain.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. T. Eckes, H.M. Trautner, Developmental Social Psychology of Gender: An Integrative Framework. Part II: Theoretical Approaches. D.T. Kenrick, C.L. Luce, An Evolutionary Life-History Model of Gender Differences and Similarities. B.I. Fagot, C.S. Rodgers, M.D. Leinbach, Theories of Gender Socialization. C.L. Martin, Cognitive Theories of Gender Development. A.H. Eagly, W. Wood, A.B. Diekman, Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal. Part III: Gender Categorization and Interpersonal Behavior. B. Hannover, Development of the Self in Gendered Contexts. S.E. Zemore, S.T. Fiske, H-J. Kim, Gender Stereotypes and the Dynamics of Social Interaction. P. Glick, L. Hilt, Combative Children to Ambivalent Adults: The Development of Gender Prejudice. B. Krahe, Sexual Scripts and Heterosexual Aggression. Part IV: Gender, Group, and Culture. L.L. Carli, D. Bukatko, Gender, Communication, and Social Influence: A Developmental Perspective. J.S. Eccles, C. Freedman-Doan, P. Frome, J. Jacobs, K.S. Yoon, Gender-Role Socialization in the Family: A Longitudinal Approach. A.E. Abele, A Dual-Impact Model of Gender and Career-Related Processes. J.L. Gibbons, Gender Development in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Part V: Conclusions. H.M. Trautner, T. Eckes, Putting Gender Development Into Context: Problems and Prospects.
440 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this paper pointed out that a few core social motives (belonging, understanding, controlling, enhancing, and trusting) account for much current research on interpersonal category-based responses.
Abstract: Social psychologists possess considerable enthusiasm and expertise in the study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, having commenced in the 1920s and 1930s. Research and theory in the next three to four decades focused on motivation, followed by a reactively exclusive focus on cognition in the 1970s and early 1980s, in turn followed by a 1990s joint focus on cognition and motivation. Throughout, intra-individual conflict analyses have alternated with contextual analyses, though both clearly have merit. Based on a social evolutionary viewpoint, a few core social motives (belonging, understanding, controlling, enhancing, and trusting) account for much current research on interpersonal category-based responses. Trends for the future should entail more emphasis on behavior, more sensitivity to cultural specificities and universals, as well as budding efforts on neural mechanisms of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The paper concludes that the concept of internalized homophobia does have a valuable role to play in health promotion work with lesbians and gay men but invites further discussion and examination of the construct.
Abstract: factor in various aspects of ill-health, and may affect both the progression of illness and healthThis paper investigates the concept of internal- related decision-making processes with significant ized homophobia in both theory and research effect on the prevention of illnesses such as HIV relating to lesbian and gay health. It offers a infection. However, a number of theorists have contemporary and critical review of research in argued that internalized homophobia is both frethis area, and discusses a range of recent findings quently used uncritically with regard to its conrelating to a range of health issues including ceptualization and operationalization, and without HIV and AIDS. Whilst the concept has a reson- due concern for its sociopolitical consequences ance for gay men and lesbians, and is widely (i.e. to repathologize the ‘sick’ lesbian or gay used in ‘lesbian and gay-affirmative’ interven- individual and focus attention away from the tions, the paper demonstrates that research more salient issues of cultural and institutionalized findings have been equivocal and the term is heterosexism). My aim is to provide a synthesis often used without full consideration of its which examines research suggesting an important sociopolitical consequences. The paper con- relationship between health and internalized homocludes that the concept does have a valuable phobia whilst deconstructing the concept and role to play in health promotion work with offering a discussion of the potential effects on lesbians and gay men but invites further discus- gay and lesbian communities in contemporary sion and examination of the construct. British society.
TL;DR: Wadud as discussed by the authors provides a first interpretive reading by a woman, a reading which validates the female voice in the Qu'ran and brings it out of the shadows.
Abstract: Fourteen centuries of Islamic thought have produced a legacy of interpretive readings of the Qu'ran written almost entirely by men Now, with Qu'ran and Woman, Amina Wadud provides a first interpretive reading by a woman, a reading which validates the female voice in the Qu'ran and brings it out of the shadows Muslim progressives have long argued that it is not the religion but patriarchal interpretation and implementation of the Qu'ran that have kept women oppressed For many, the way to reform is the reexamination and reinterpretation of religious texts Qu'ran and Woman contributes a gender inclusive reading to one of the most fundamental disciplines in Islamic thought, Qu'ranic exegesis Wadud breaks down specific texts and key words which have been used to limit women's public and private role, even to justify violence toward Muslim women, revealing that their original meaning and context defy such interpretations What her analysis clarifies is the lack of gender bias, precedence, or prejudice in the essential language of the Qur'an Despite much Qu'ranic evidence about the significance of women, gender reform in Muslim society has been stubbornly resisted Wadud's reading of the Qu'ran confirms womens equality and constitutes legitimate grounds for contesting the unequal treatment that women have experienced historically and continue to experience legally in Muslim communities The Qu'ran does not prescribe one timeless and unchanging social structure for men and women, Wadud argues lucidly, affirming that the Qu'ran holds greater possibilities for guiding human society to a more fulfilling and productive mutual collaboration between men and women than as yet attained by Muslims or non-Muslims
TL;DR: In this paper, the integrated threat theory of prejudice was employed to examine Americans' and Mexicans' attitudes toward one another and found that both the amount and quality of contact affected some types of threats.
Abstract: In this study, the integrated threat theory of prejudice was employed to examine Americans’ and Mexicans’ attitudes toward one another. According to the theory, four types of threat (realistic, symbolic, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes) cause prejudice. These threats are thought to be caused in part by the amount and quality of intergroup contact. The results of two path analyses indicated that all four threats were significant predictors of attitudes in one sample or the other. Both the amount and quality of contact affected some types of threats. In particular, the quality of intergroup contact (voluntary, positive, individualized, and equal status) appears to play an important role in both intergroup anxiety and attitudes toward the other group.
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of prejudice and business justifications by authority figures to discriminate against minorities in hiring situations found that modern racism predicted discrimination when a legitimate authority figure provided a business-related justification for such discrimination but not in the absence of such a justification.
TL;DR: This paper found that TV commercials tend to portray White men as powerful, white women as sex objects, African American men as aggressive, and African American women as inconsequential, with women and Whites disproportionately shown in family settings and in cross-sex interactions.
Abstract: Scholars have long argued that popular consumer culture is both producer and product of social inequality, but few detailed empirical studies have explored the ways that advertising imagery simultaneously constructs stereotypes of race and gender. This article reports on a content analysis of television commercials (n = 1699) aired on programs with high ratings for specific target audiences from 1992 to 1994. Characters in the television commercials enjoy more prominence and exercise more authority if they are White or men. Logistic regression analyses indicate that images of romantic and domestic fulfillment also differ by race and gender, with women and Whites disproportionately shown in family settings and in cross-sex interactions. In general, 1990s television commercials tend to portray White men as powerful, white women as sex objects, African American men as aggressive, and African American women as inconsequential. The authors suggest that these commercial images contribute to the perpetuation of subtle prejudice against African Americans by exaggerating cultural differences and denying positive emotions. Results are discussed in relation to the segmentation of media markets and possibilities for social change.
TL;DR: The authors examines the intersection of prejudice, politics, and public opinion to understand the sources of attitudes toward policies intended to benefit African Americans and other racial/ethnic minorities by ensuring equal treatment, providing opportunity enhancement, or striving for equal outcomes.
Abstract: This review examines the intersection of prejudice, politics, and public opinion. It focuses specifically on research that seeks to understand the sources of attitudes toward policies intended to benefit African Americans and other racial/ethnic minorities by ensuring equal treatment, providing opportunity enhancement, or striving for equal outcomes. After a review of the main patterns of white and African-American public opinion on this topic, three central theoretical interpretations of racial policy attitudes—new racism, politics and nonracial principles and values, and group conflict theories—are described and compared. The empirical evidence for each approach is assessed. Finally, directions of research that pursue a more complex view of racial policy attitudes are introduced. These include efforts to incorporate insights across theoretical domains as well as correcting an overemphasis on cognitive issues to the exclusion of affect. In addition, gaps in our understanding of “non-white” attitudes, non...
TL;DR: The invisibility syndrome is presented as a conceptual model for understanding the inner evaluative processes and adaptive behavior of African Americans in managing experiences of racism.
Abstract: Adaptive behavior and psychological well-being of African Americans can be affected by prejudice and discrimination. Encountering repeated racial slights can create "psychological invisibility." The invisibility syndrome is presented as a conceptual model for understanding the inner evaluative processes and adaptive behavior of African Americans in managing experiences of racism.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the experiences and interactions of students of color with their white peers on predominantly white college campuses were examined. But the focus was not on race relations on U.S. college campuses, but rather on the post-admission issues related to collegiate affirmative action, especially patterns of white "colorblindness" and color consciousness.
Abstract: This article examines some post-admissions issues related to collegiate affirmative action. Specifically, it focuses on the experiences and interactions of students of color with their White peers on predominantly White college campuses. Focus group interviews with African American, Latino/a, Asian American, and Native American students were conducted to explore and analyze student intergroup relations. The data reveal White student behaviors that often have a negative impact on students of color, especially patterns of White "colorblindness" and color consciousness, along with racial or ethnic stereotyping. They suggest that problematic intergroup peer relations on college campuses can be best understood by placing them within the larger organizational and social contexts that frame and support them. INTRODUCTION In recent years, race relations on U.S. college campuses have received renewed theoretical, programmatic, and public attention. Sustained inequality and racial harassment in higher education settings resurfaced in the late 1980s and early 1990s bringing with them fresh student protests in response. In the early to mid-1990s, greater attention was devoted to planning for and debating the merits of diversity and multiculturalism. The latter period also saw the emergence of a generation of anti-affirmative action movements and legal suits. On a theoretical level, these trends have led to a reconsideration of the meaning and measure of prejudice in the United States, analyses of the relationship between institutional power and racism, renewed investigations of identity politics, examinations of the nature of Whiteness, and reviews of traditional assumptions about the influence of social support and/or isolation and alienation in the academic performance and social behavior of students of color. Much of the recent literature on higher education agrees that racial problems exist on the nation's college campuses. Some articulate these problems as indicative of a racial crisis (Altbach & Lomotey, 1991; Chesler & Crowfoot, 1991), while others imply that the problems, though present and important, are not quite at a critical level (Allen, 1985; Allen, Epps, & Haniff, 1991; Allen & Niss, 1990; Hurtado, 1992; Nettles, Thoeny, & Gosman, 1986). At the very least, researchers have pointed to a significant gap between White students assessments of their schools' racial climate and those of students of color. Many point out that, at least for Black students, the question is not whether racial tension exists on their campuses but to what degree and with what impact. As McClelland and Auster (1990) note, Racial tensions have been documented at integrated institutions at least since the 1960s. Stereotyping by their white faculty and peers as "special admits," a perceived lack of support by faculty and staff, and a largely segregated social life have made Blacks at white schools feel quite aware of their marginal status and have contributed to feelings of sociocultural alienation. From their perspective, the racial climate at our nation's colleges and universities has never been good. (pp. 612-613) Though the literature highlights the main patterns of race relations on U.S. campuses, several important gaps remain. High levels of alienation on the part of students of color have been identified, but no research has yet analyzed how that alienation is generated. Specifically, much of this work is based on survey data that neither include students' voices nor consider their daily experiences. Moreover, the literature primarily focuses only on the campus experiences of Black students (and occasionally Chicanos) and does not include other racial/ethnic groups in their analyses. Too little research has examined either the relationship of the institutional context to patterns of relations on campus or the links between what takes place in colleges and universities and what goes on in the larger social context. …
TL;DR: The authors found that respondents were generally reluctant to be heard to speak about "this country" in categorical terms, to adopt an explicitly national footing or to display a sense of patriotic national pride.
Abstract: This article discusses the ways in which a sample of English respondents oriented to the task of formulating an account of their country in an interview context. Attention to both the content and the organizational features of talk suggested that respondents were generally reluctant to be heard to speak about ‘this country’ in categorical terms, to adopt an explicitly national footing or to display a sense of patriotic national pride. They treated all of these as potentially hearable as symptomatic of ‘typical’ Anglo- British xenophobia. In contrast to many extant analyses, which suggest that national discourse may provide a legitimate vehicle for the expression of exclusionary or racist sentiments, it appeared that, for these English respondents in this context, talk about ‘this country’ was often treated as a delicate topic, functionally equivalent to, and subject to the same opprobrium as, talk about ‘race’. At the same time, however, various features of the respondents’ discourse pointed to the presence of banal (Billig, 1995) national referents. Possible interpretations of this are discussed.
01 Mar 2000-Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
TL;DR: The concept of functional normality has been criticised in recent years by social critics who claim that the term carries ideological baggage as discussed by the authors and that describing individuals or groups as "abnormal" is seen as marginalizing them by use of a falsely objective criterion.
TL;DR: This article examined the hypothesis that elderly people rely on stereotypes more and are more prejudiced than younger people because of deficits in the ability to inhibit information and found that older people relied on stereotypes even when instructed not to, whereas young people did not, and these differences in stereotyping and prejudice were mediated by age differences in inhibitory ability.
Abstract: An experiment examined the hypothesis that elderly people rely on stereotypes more, and are more prejudiced, than younger people because of deficits in the ability to inhibit information Consistent with predictions, elderly people relied on stereotypes even when instructed not to, whereas young people did not Elderly people also were more prejudiced than young people, and these differences in stereotyping and prejudice were mediated by age differences in inhibitory ability Because elderly people reported a stronger desire than young people to control their prejudiced reactions, these results suggest that inhibitory failure can cause people to become more prejudiced than they want to be
TL;DR: This paper examines and rejects conceptions of disability based on social factors but notes that physical and mental conditions which disadvantage the individual have social dimensions.
Abstract: Is there such a thing as a social conception of disability? Recently two writers in this journal have suggested not only that there is a coherent social conception of disability but that all non-social conceptions, or "medical models" of disability are fatally flawed. One serious and worrying dimension of their claims is that once the social dimensions of disability have been resolved no seriously "disabling" features remain. This paper examines and rejects conceptions of disability based on social factors but notes that physical and mental conditions which disadvantage the individual have social dimensions.
Key Words: Disability • handicap • impairment • social deprivation • social exclusion • discrimination
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of race/ethnicity and gender identity, associated stereotyping and prejudice, and the nature of interpersonal relations on acceptance of diversity and support for diversity-management initiatives was empirically tested in a case study of diversity management practices of a federal agency.
Abstract: In the past decade, most large public-sector organizations have adopted a philosophy of valuing workforce diversity and have implemented a variety of initiatives for effectively utilizing and managing the current and projected workforce diversity. However, whether organizational members subscribe to the diversity value or support the employer-sponsored diversity-management initiatives still largely remains unanswered. This article discusses the influence of employee race/ethnicity and gender identity, associated stereotyping and prejudice, and the nature of interpersonal relations on acceptance of diversity and support for diversity-management initiatives. The hypothesis that these three variables have a significant influence on receptivity to diversity in the workplace was empirically tested in a case study of diversity-management practices of a federal agency, and the study findings are reported in this article.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the mere existence of people with different beliefs threatens our primary basis of psychological security; we therefore respond by derogation, assimilation efforts, or annihilation.
Abstract: Terror management theory posits that awareness of mortality engenders a potential for paralyzing terror, which is assuaged by cultural worldviews: humanly created, shared beliefs that provide individuals with the sense they are valuable members of an enduring, meaningful universe (self-esteem), and hence are qualified for safety and continuance beyond death. Thus, self-esteem serves the fundamental psychological function of buffering anxiety. In support of this view, studies have shown that bolstering selfesteem reduces anxiety and that reminders of mortality intensify striving for self-esteem; this research suggests that self-esteem is critical for psychological equanimity. Cultural worldviews serve the fundamental psychological function of providing the basis for death transcendence. To the extent this is true, reminders of mortality should stimulate bolstering of one’s worldview. More than 80 studies have supported this idea, most commonly by demonstrating that making death momentarily salient increases liking for people who support one’s worldview and hostility toward those with alternative worldviews. This work helps explain human beings’ dreadful history of intergroup prejudice and violence: The mere existence of people with different beliefs threatens our primary basis of psychological security; we therefore respond by derogation, assimilation efforts, or annihilation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study conducted among Dutch children age 10-12, they focus on preferences for contact with members of different ethnic minority groups, and on contextual variables as well as individual characteristics.
Abstract: In the present study conducted among Dutch children age 10-12, we focus on preferences for contact with members of different ethnic minority groups, and on contextual variables as well as individual characteristics. Scalogram analysis indicated consensus on an ethnic hierarchy or cumulative pattern of ethnic group preferences. This pattern was shared by children low and high on prejudice, and by both boys and girls. Also, multilevel analysis showed that preferences for contact with the ingroup and with outgroups was determined not only by individual characteristics but also by the classroom context. Finally, this context also affected the ethnic hierarchy: Children were less likely to report an ethnic hierarchy if the percentage of Dutch classmates was low. In many countries around the world, real-life intergroup situations consist of a series of groups that differ in ethnic background and in which ethnicity or related characteristics such as race, language, and religion are criteria for group status. Most theoretical discussions and empirical investigations in the domain of intergroup evaluations ignore these complex situations and focus on dyadic ingroup-outgroup relations. In the United States, for example, whites' attitudes about blacks are the most common focus of research; in Europe, attitudes about immigrants, "foreigners," or refugees are investigated.
TL;DR: The cultural construction of "lesbian" and "heterosexual" women in late-nineteenth-century European cultures created both the possibility of conceiving the "bisexual" woman and the belief that bisexuality cannot exist.
Abstract: The cultural construction of ‘lesbian’ and ‘heterosexual’ women in late-nineteenth-century European cultures created both the possibility of conceiving the “bisexual” woman and the belief that bisexuality cannot exist Social scientists have suggested several alternatives to dichotomous constructions of sexuality to facilitate the conceptualization of, and therefore empirical research on, bisexuality This article reviews these alternatives and summarizes the current state of researchon bisexuality, including research on ‘situational homosexuality’ (behavioral bisexuality), recent national probability studies on sexual behaviors and identities in the United States, the meanings of bisexual self-identities among women, masculinist biases in methods of assessing and theorizing sexual self-identities, and prejudice against bisexuals The article concludes with suggestions for future social scientific research on bisexuality
TL;DR: This article examined Korean Americans' perceived incivilities, perceived crime risk, and fear of crime using an explanatory model combining group threat theory of racial hostility and risk interpretation theory of fear of crimes.
Abstract: This study examines Korean Americans' perceived incivilities, perceived crime risk, and fear of crime using an explanatory model combining group threat theory of racial hostility and risk interpretation theory of fear of crime. In particular, our hierarchical linear models show strong effects on fear of crime for English proficiency, length of U.S. residence, preference for ethnic Korean media, perceived risk of future black rioting, and anti-black prejudice. We discuss the importance of cultural factors and the dynamics of race and ethnic conflicts in explaining fear of crime, and suggest directions for future research on race relations, perceived victimization risks, and fear of crime.
TL;DR: It is argued that hysteria was centrally, in two senses, a disease of "overcivilization" which located it in a scientific and popular discourse that defined cultural evolution as beginning with the "savage," culminating in the "civilized," but also containing the possibility of degeneration-" overcivilization."
Abstract: HYSTERIA, WE LEARNED FROM FEMINIST HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP IN the 1970s, was never just a disease. It was also the way nineteenthcentury U.S. and European cultures made sense of women's changing roles. Industrialization and urbanization wrought one set of changes, while the women's rights movement brought another. Together, these included higher education for women, their increasing participation in a (rapidly changing) public sphere, paid employment, and declining fertility. These cultural changes were accompanied by a virtual epidemic of "nervous weakness" largely among women, causing feminist historians to begin asking whether the diagnostic category of hysteria was simply a way of keeping women in the home.1 In light of recent work in race theory, it is worth examining these scholarly insights to ask: could hysteria equally be said to be about race? I will argue that it was, centrally, in two senses. First, nervousness was often characterized as an illness caused by "overcivilization,"2 which located it in a scientific and popular discourse that defined cultural evolution as beginning with the "savage," culminating in the "civilized," but also containing the possibility of degeneration-"overcivilization." In this literature, "savage" or "barbarian" was applied to indigenous peoples, Africans, Asians, Latin Americans, and sometimes poor people generally. As a disease of "overcivilization," hysterical illness was the provenance almost exclusively of Anglo-American, native-born whites, specifically, white women of a certain class. Second, the primary symptoms of
TL;DR: In this paper, attitudes and beliefs of Francophones and Anglophones toward their own and other groups were assessed at the beginning and at the end of a four-year officer-training program.
Abstract: In order to examine the social transmission of prejudice in the military, attitudes and beliefs of Francophone (minority) and Anglophone (majority) prospective military officers toward their own and other groups were assessed at the beginning and at the end of a four-year officer-training program. Consistent with social dominance theory and system justification theory, majority group members become significantly more negative toward outgroups (e.g. Francophones, civilians and immigrants) and more likely to internalize beliefs that legitimize the economic gap between Francophones and Anglophones in Canada. Moreover, as predicted on the basis of self-categorization theory, the results show that identification with the category ‘Canadian Forces Officers’ assessed at the midpoint in the program, moderates the change in intergroup attitudes and beliefs. Finally, minority group members did not internalize negative stereotypes of their own group. These results provide important evidence for the role of group socialization in the explanation of intergroup attitudes and beliefs and suggest that social identification is a key factor in group socialization, consistent with self-categorization theory. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.