Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 1996"

Composites from sawdust and unsaturated polyester

Abstract: Wood is an inexpensive filler that reduces the overall cost of polymer composites, with loss in some properties (e.g., ultimate strength, elongation, and water sorption often suffer with the addition of fillers) and a gain in others (e.g., Young modulus increment, reduced weight with respect to inorganic fillers, reduced wear of the processing equipment). Sawdust of Eucaliptus saligna or calcium carbonate have been used as reinforcing fillers of an unsaturated polyester matrix. The ultimate strength, elongation, and modulus are presented as a function of the filler concentration and surface treatment. The dynamic mechanical properties were used to determine the influence of the moisture content on the performance of the final material. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Evaluation of Alternative Litter Materials for Poultry

Abstract: Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative litter materials on cockerel performance and litter quality. Soft wheat straw (whole or ground), rice straw (ground), sawdust, wood shavings, and rice hulls were tested as a sole layer and in various combinations. The type of litter used did not affect bird performance, water consumption, or the incidence of leg abnormalities or defects. The effects on litter moisture content, pH, temperature, overall cleanliness scores, and ammonia nitrogen were not consistent. Straw-based litters had the highest moisture contents, pH values, and temperatures and were attributed the lowest quality scores. This study indicates that the alternative materials rice straw, sawdust, wood shavings, and rice hulls solely or in combination can successfully be used as poultry litter without apparent adverse effects on bird performance or overall litter quality.

Southern company tests of wood/coal cofiring in pulverized coal units

Abstract: Tests were conducted in June 1992 at Georgia Power Company's plant Hammond Unit 1 to evaluate the impact of cofiring wood waste with pulverized coal on plant performance. Hammond 1 is a 100 MW Babcock and Wilcox (B & W) unit fueled by pulverized coal. Over a three day period, 11 full load performance tests were conducted, five with coal and six with wood/coal mixture. A total of 125 tonnes (140 tons) (as received, 19% moisture) was burned, the wood waste a mixture of sawdust and ground tree trimming waste. Wood percentage in the fuel ranged between 9.7 and 13.5%, with an average for the cofire tests of 11.5% (all percentages by weight). At medium and high O2 levels, boiler efficiency with wood cofiring was within 0.2-0.4% of boiler efficiency with coal alone. Mill fineness was slightly affected, as the wood particles did not grind as small as the coal particles. Coal particles experienced only a minimal effect due to the presence of the wood. Mill power increased with wood cofiring. Opacity was observed to increase with wood cofiring, the cause of which is presently under investigation. NOx emissions with wood were about the same or slightly less than with coal firing. Sulfur emissions theoretically should have been 6–7% lower with wood cofiring. This decrease was not observed because of fluctuations in the coal sulfur content.

Oxidative Degradation of in Situ and Isolated Spruce Lignins by Water-Soluble Hydrogen Peroxide Resistant Pentafluorophenylporphyrin

Abstract: The catalytic activity of a new oxidation-resistant Fe(III) meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-β-tetrasulfonatoporphyrin [Fe(TF5PS4P)] on spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) and lignin in extractive free...

Volvariella-treated Eucalyptus sawdust stimulates wheat and onion growth

Abstract: Conversion of sawdust, a major waste generated by the timber industry, to an agricultural supplement was explored. Beds made with a mixture of Eucalyptus sawdust and soil reduced the chlorophyll content and the growth rate of wheat seedlings. However, following treatment with Volvariella volvaceae and urea, the sawdust in growth beds enhanced both the chlorophyll content and growth of wheat seedlings. Application of treated sawdust to soil increased the biomass of both bulb and foliage of onion. This represents a small beginning in the conversion of an industrial solid waste into a soil conditioner for enhancing agricultural productivity.

Sawdust modification: maleic anhydride chemical treatment

Abstract: The aim of this work was to modify the sawdust surface in order to obtain a compatible filler for unsaturated polyesters. Maleic anhydride (MAN) was used as sawdust modifier. The possible esterification of sawdust with MAN was investigated. The efficiency of the treatment was determined by using chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and water retention value (WRV) test. Even under mild conditions (room temperature, no catalyst), esterification was achieved. FTIR technique allowed to determine that maleic anhydride reacted by one acid group with the sawdust surface. WRV were analysed using a Langmuir type equation which fitted the experimental results well.

A sawdust-derived soil conditioner promotes plant growth and improves water-holding capacity of different types of soils

Abstract: Sawdust, a bulky waste generated by wood processing industries, has very few profitable and ecofriendly uses and poses a problem of proper disposal. Treatment with the fungusVolvariella volvaceae and a dilute solution of urea converted sawdust from a phytoinhibitory material to a phytostimulatory soil conditioner. In different types of soils, the soil conditioner increased the moisture retention and facilitated the cohesive interaction of particles. Analyses of the major biopolymers of sawdust after fungal treatment indicated that levels of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decreased; however, these changes did not account for the plant growth stimulatory property attained by this material.

Effect of Moisture Content on the Composting of Pig-Manure Sawdust Litter Disposed From the Pig-on-Litter (POL) System

Abstract: The pig-on-litter system, known as in-situ composting, has been developed as one of the recommended methods in Hong Kong to treat pig waste. The system utilizes a mixture of sawdust and a commercial bacterial product as the bedding material on which the pigs are raised, and the pig excreta are decomposed within the bedding material. After 10-13 weeks, the spent pig-manure sawdust litter is removed from the pig pens. This spent litter contains high concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, and also a significant amount of active microbial biomass, which is similar to an immature compost. In order to improve the quality of the spent litter, further composting to reach maturity is essential. Moisture is one of the most critical factors in controlling the rate of composting and the maturity of the product. Water provides a medium for the transport of dissolved nutrients for the metabolic and physiological activities of microorganisms. Very low initial moisture values would mean early dehydration of the pile which will arrest the biological process giving a physically stable but biologically unstable compost (Bertoldi et al., 1983). On the other hand, high moisture values may produce anaerobic conditions due to water logging. However, the effect of different moisture contents on composting of spent litter and their changes throughout the composting process are not yet understood. Therefore, the study aimed (1) to investigate the changes in the nutrients and organic matter of the spent litter at different stages of composting, and (2) to evaluate the effect of different initial moisture content of the spent litter on this composting process.

Active microbial mixture and its use

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain an active microbial mixture to be added to an organic waste to form a useful animal feed, edible floor material for a barn, organic fertilizer, etc., by adding an aerobic soil microorganism having carbon source assimilating performance to a carbonaceous base such as sawdust. SOLUTION: The objective active microbial mixture to be added to food residue, cattle feces, sewage, sludge or their mixture to effect the fermentation and produce a cattle feed, mixed to an organic base consisting of sawdust, straw, rice hull, twig, wood skin, wood chip, bark, duct or their mixture to form an edible floor material for a barn or mixed with an organic base or organic waste to produce an organic fertilizer is produced by adding and mixing an aerobic soil microorganism capable of assimilating a carbon source to a carbonaceous base consisting of sawdust, straw, rice hull, twig, wood skin, wood chip, bark, duct or their mixture.

Method and apparatus for pulping sawdust

Abstract: Chemical cellulose pulp is made from sawdust utilizing a static down-flow retention vessel. By adding steam and cooking liquor to a flow of sawdust a heated slurry, at a cooking temperature of about 250-350°F, is produced. The heated slurry is, at superatmospheric pressure, moved downwardly in the static down-flow retention vessel while cooking temperature is maintained, for a time period of about 0.5-6 (preferably 1 to 3) hours, the slurry having a consistency of about 5-30%. At superatmospheric pressure, without significant reduction in pressure from the retention vessel, the slurry is cooled to well below cooking temperature by diffusing cooling liquid through it, as in a conventional pressure diffuser. The discharge from the retention vessel is preferably substantially solely gravity action (e.g. using a discharge with single convergence and side relief). Various mixing, diluting, thickening, steaming, and pumping devices are utilized in the system from initial steaming of the sawdust to passage into the top of the retention vessel.

Decolorizing Wastewater in a Fixed Bed Using Natural Adsorbents

Abstract: The possibility of using sawdust as an adsorbent in a fixed-bed adsorber in decolorizing waste water as well as batchwise was studied The Freundlich isotherm was obtained for the adsorption of a basic dyestuff (Maxillon Blue) on wood The factors studied under isothermal adsorption conditions include feed input velocity, wood particle size, and bed height The controlling step of adsorption at relatively high velocities is the internal diffusion within the pores rather than the external diffusion The results showed that the best operating conditions were obtained at an intermediate feed velocity of 012 cm/s, a particle diameter of 0018 cm, and a bed height of 10 cm

Emissions from Slow Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels Studied by GC/MS in a Miniature Reactor

Abstract: The effect of fuel structure on emissions must be better known to promote cleaner combustion of solid fuels. In commercial combustors initial slow pyrolysis steps produce emission of numerous possible organic species. Biomass is today also considered for upgrading by pyrolysis to bio-oils. Knowledge of slow pyrolysis processes of coal and biomass is limited. We have designed a miniature pyrolysis reactor suited for GC/MS analysis. In the evaluation or the approach three distinct solid fuels were investigated: bituminous coal, sawdust from spruce and chips from eucalyptus. Coal pyrolysis produced high amounts of alkanes, naphthalenes and PAH. Coal also produced alkyl substituted phenols. Sawdust from spruce produced almost the same species as eucalyptus. However, the product distributions from spruce- and eucalyptus pyrolysis differed. The products from eucalyptus were significantly more substituted than the products from spruce. The products from wood samples were dominated by oxygenates: fatty a...

The new bio-crude: a renewable substitute for petroleum?

Abstract: The rapid thermal processing (RTP/sup TM/) technology developed by ENSYN produces bio-crude (or bio-oil) from the fast pyrolysis (rapid cracking) of waste biomass materials. In this process biomass is heated to high temperature (400-650/spl deg/C) for a short residence time (usually less than 0.5 s) at atmospheric pressure in the absence of oxygen. The rapid heating causes fragmentation of the biomass structure thus producing the liquid bio-crude. This liquid is not petroleum. Bio-crude, essentially, is a mixture of oxygenated chemicals resulting from the degradation of complex structures. The three major components are: water, depolymerised lignin and carbonyls. Other chemical groups include carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, lignin-derived phenolics and alcohols. In order to use the bio-crude for any application it is necessary to characterize it thoroughly for its pH, viscosity, water content, ash content, alkali content, elemental composition, heating value, surface tension, stability behavior and its distillation characteristics. The objective of the present work was to determine these properties for a typical bio-crude and examine how it is different from a typical petroleum crude. In this investigation, a bio-crude produced from commercial oak sawdust (at 515/spl deg/C and 700 msec) was characterized. The distillation results showed that the amount of distillate increased with temperature (50, 100 and 200/spl deg/C, 172 Pa) and ranged from 17-67 wt.%. The distillate consisted of both water and oxygenated compounds such as acids, aldehydes, esters, ketones and phenols.

Remediation of acid mine drainage within strip mine spoil by sulfate reduction using waste organic matter

Abstract: Many treatment options for AMD, like wetlands and anoxic limestone drains, are limited by acidity, metal loadings, flow rate or areal requirements so as to be inapplicable at many sites. In-situ bacterial sulfate reduction is proposed as a solution for certain settings. Requirements for successful in-situ bacterial sulfate reduction include dissolved sulfate, an organic substrate, permanent anaerobic conditions, a mixed culture of bacteria, appropriate nutrients, and a sufficient AMD contact time. These requirements can be provided within mine spoil by injection of waste organic matter into an extensive zone of saturated spoil. Laboratory experiments on cheese whey, lactate, non-degraded sawdust, partially degraded sawdust, pulped newspaper and mushroom compost have all yielded sulfate reduction, increased alkalinity and iron sulfide precipitate in AMD with pH < 4.0. The addition of a small amount of dolomite to the organic matter creates alkaline microenvironments that facilitate the initiation of sulfate reduction. The rates of sulfate reduction using cellulose materials are slow but the rate for milk products is much more rapid. A field test utilizing partially degraded sawdust is underway. A total of 11.3 tons of sawdust mixed with 5% dolomite, 5% sewage sludge and a mixed bacterial culture was successfully injected into 4more » drill holes in mine spoil as 13% w/v suspension, The spoil had enough coarse porosity for injection into the saturated subsurface at about 300 L/min, Data on in-situ SO{sub 4} reduction rates and water quality are being collected in preparation for a full remediation program at the site, which has an extensive zone of saturated spoil 10-20 m thick.« less

Preparation of bamboo powder

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prepare continuously a bamboo material into a powder in a required size as a whole by a method wherein sawdust which is not passed through a screen among sawdust collected in the first gas cyclone is carried into the second gas cyclone and sawdust collected here is cut again in a sawdust manufacturing apparatus. CONSTITUTION: A bamboo material A is carried into a cutting room 2 as it is in a long form to form sawdust. A screen is provided in the cutting room 2 and sawdust passed through the screen is carried into the first gas cyclone C by means of a pneumatic conveying means and the sawdust collected by the cyclone C is carried into a screen apparatus D. The cut pieces which are not passed through the screen are circulated so as to be cut again in the cutting room. The powder passed through screens 4 and 5 are taken out from a discharging outlet 6 as a product and the sawdust which is not passed through the screens 4 and 5 is discharged into a carrying path 7 from discharging outlets 6a and 6b of the screens and it is carried by means of a motor into the second gas cyclone E and the sawdust collected by means of the cyclone E is carried again into the cutting room 2 through a carrying means 1 of a sawdust manufacturing apparatus B.

Method of manufacturing wood chips using waste wood

Abstract: applying heat and pressure to chips or sawdust using waste wood; sterilizing and killing insects; removing the moisture by reducing the pressure; applying pressure to more than one or two of cellulomonas, bacillus, aerobacter, rhizobium, azotobacteria, pseudomonadales, clostridium and active sludge as aerobic soil microbes; more than one or two of sulfate of iron, sulfate of zinc, sulfate of copper and sulfate of magnesium as resolution accelerator; a composite fertilizer and naphthalene as insecticide; more than one of zeolite and aluminium silicate as an inorganic absorption fixing agent; hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, gelatine, and casein as a lytic adhesive; methyl alcohol as a penetrating agent; one color out of green, blue, red, yellow, and white as a dye; removing the liquid therefrom; vacuum drying; and compressing

Oil absorbing mat

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain an oil absorbing material which is inexpensive, has a high oil absorption capacity, and is easy of treatment after use by using a mat in which sawdust, a main component, is covered with oil permeable sheets. CONSTITUTION: Oil permeable sheets 1, 2 are overlapped to make a bag, and after sawdust 3 being packed into the bag from an opening, the opening is sealed. A material through which oil can penetrate into the sawdust 3 packed inside when used as an oil absorbing mat can be used. The oil absorption capacity of the sawdust 3 is changed by the kind of wood. For example, cedar, cypress or the like has high oil absorption capacity. The particle size of the saw dust 3 also has considerable effect on the oil absorption. Therefore, the sawdust 3 of 0.35-2.83mm average diameter is recommended to be preferable.

Mixture for normal temperature type pavement using wood chip

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain a mixture for normal temperature type pavement useful for specific pavement for parks, promenades, jogging roads, etc., having excellent elasticity, durability, water permeability, sliding resistance, by blending wood chips with a bituminous binder. CONSTITUTION: This mixture is obtained by mixing (A) wood chips A1 , a blend of A1 and sawdust A2 , a blend of A1 and a fine aggregate A3 or a blend of A1 , A2 and A3 with (B) a bituminous binder B1 such as rubber asphalt, a blend of B1 and segment B2 or a blend of B1 , B2 and pigment B3 . The volume ratios of the component A2 /A1 and (A2 +A3 )/A1 are preferably 0-10% and 0-30%, respectively. The solid content of the component B1 is 20-40 pts.wt. based on 100 pts.wt. of the component A, that of the component B2 is 0-60 pts.wt. based on 100 pts.wt. of the component B1 and that of the component B3 is 5-50 pts.wt. based on 100 pts.wt. of the solid content of component B1 .

Production of water-resistant and biodegradable material

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the subject material imparted with water resistance, biodegradable in soil, causing no natural environmental pollution, through utilization of e.g. sawdust as a sort of industrial waste, by preparing a green stock by kneading woodmeal with a special binder followed by hot-pressing the stock at high temperatures to carbonize and mold the woodmeal. CONSTITUTION: A green stock is first prepared by kneading woodmeal such as sawdust with a binder consisting of a biodegradable organic resin such as gelatin. Subsequently, the stock is hot-pressed at high temperatures to carbonize and mold the woodmeal, thus obtaining the objective material.

Molded material having acoustic insulation, electric insulation and heat resistance using large sawdust and production thereof

Abstract: PURPOSE: To mold large sawdust which are conventionally mostly discarded into an excellent building material or the like CONSTITUTION: The molded body having acoustic insulation, electric insulation and heat resistance in which large sawdust is used is produced by uniformly mixing a proper amt of a hardening agent essentially comprising raw alunite and sodium silicate powder and containing a small amt of sodium silicate fluoride, 'KANSUIISHI' powder and chert, and large sawdust, water glass and water and then molding the mixture The molded material having acoustic insulation, electric insulation and heat resistance in which large sawdust is used obtd by uniformly mixing a hardening agent, a proper amt of large chips of sawdust, water glass and water, then molding the mixture under pressure and drying The hardening agent is prepared by unuiformly mixing raw alunite and sodium, silicate powder as the main component and a small amt of sodium silicate fluoride, 'KANSUIISHI' powder and chert powder