Showing papers on "Slow-wave sleep published in 1982"
TL;DR: Studies were carried out on a group of six young and six older normal men who lived under conditions of temporal, but not social isolation, from three to eight weeks, demonstrating a reduction in the period and amplitude of the body temperature rhythms during free-running in the older group.
348 citations
TL;DR: Monitoring of sleep and waking EEGs from healthy nondemented elderly men and inpatients for whom the diagnosis was probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type suggested that correlative neuropathologic data might provide an understanding of the basis for the sleep, EEG, and mental‐function factors that undergo change in SDAT.
Abstract: Sleep and waking EEGs from 11 healthy nondemented elderly men and from ten inpatients for whom the diagnosis was probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT), were monitored in the subjects' typical home or ward environments or in the sleep laboratory, according to their customary sleep schedules. Aged normal subjects (age range, 56-85 years) had less Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep, less REM sleep, and more wakefulness than normally observed in young adults. Patients with SDAT (age range, 56-88 years) had even less Stage 3 sleep, no Stage 4 sleep, and very little REM sleep, and experienced fragmentation of their sleep, with frequent awakenings. These sleep variables were significantly different in the SDAT and control groups (MANOVA). Examination of the 24-hour plots of sleep/waking patterns revealed prominent fragmentation of the diurnal sleep/waking rhythm in SDAT patients, with frequent daytime napping and nighttime periods of wakefulness. In addition, significant group differences were observed for the EEG variable, dominant occipital frequency. More qualitative EEG variables (diffuse slowing, spindle activity, and paroxysmal discharges) also differed between groups. It is suggested that correlative neuropathologic data might provide an understanding of the basis for the sleep, EEG, and mental-function factors that undergo change in SDAT.
331 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the sleep records of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder disclosed significantly decreased total sleep time with more awakenings, less stage 4 sleep, decreased rapid-eye-movement (REM) efficiency, and shortened REM latency compared with those of a group of age- and sex-matched normal subjects, suggesting a possible biological link between OCD and affective illness.
Abstract: • Fourteen patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were studied with all-night sleep EEG recordings. Nine of these patients reported abnormal sleep patterns before the polygraphic study. Analysis of the sleep records disclosed significantly decreased total sleep time with more awakenings, less stage 4 sleep, decreased rapid-eye-movement (REM) efficiency, and shortened REM latency compared with those of a group of age-and sex-matched normal subjects. These abnormalities generally resembled those of an age-matched group of depressed patients, although significant differences remained. These findings suggest that such sleep abnormalities as shortened REM latency may not be entirely specific for primary affective illness. They also point to a possible biological link between OCD and affective illness.
208 citations
TL;DR: A model of the hippocampal circuitry suggests that these 3 types of EEG may require different afferent inputs and different bias on the hippocampus, and is a sensitive indicator of the relative amount of theta in the EEG.
208 citations
TL;DR: Although there was no significant difference in firing rate between active and quiet waking, discharge rates were significantly increased during transient elevations of the EMG, but these rate increases usually were associated with specific motor behaviors only.
187 citations
TL;DR: The excess sleep is normal as judged by electrophysiological and behavioral criteria; it resembles the deep sleep that occurs when animals are allowed to sleep following prolonged sleep deprivation.
171 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that prostaglandin D2, acting on the preoptic area, may play an important role in inducing sleep as a chemical mediator.
162 citations
TL;DR: There was an increase in the reliability of measures in the older persons across nights and when a modified scoring procedure for slow wave sleep based on frequency alone was used, the typically reported age decline was not found.
Abstract: Electroencephalographically measured sleep of 80 healthy men and women between the ages of 50 and 60 years was measured for three nights. Compared with the sleep of a younger group of men and women (20 to 30 years), their sleep was characterized by more frequent and prolonged awakenings and shorter sleep stage periods. Older men displayed greater age-related changes than older women. There was an increase in the reliability of measures in the older persons across nights. When a modified scoring procedure for slow wave sleep based on frequency alone was used, the typically reported age decline was not found.
118 citations
TL;DR: Bilateral or unilateral, localized and reversible cooling (+10 degrees C) of the anterior part of the locus coeruleus area (LCp) in the cat induced, in rapid succession, slow wave sleep (SWS) and a transitory phase of SWS + PGO.
106 citations
TL;DR: Threshold for arousal from slow wave sleep was elevated during treatment, and triazolam subjects did not show increased sensitivity to the arousing tone over nights as did placebo subjects.
Abstract: The effects of a short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotic, triazolam (0.5 mg), on sleep, performance, and arousal threshold were assessed in 20 male poor sleepers (age 21 +/- 2.37 years). Following in a laboratory screening night, all subjects received placebo for 3 nights (single-blind), ten received triazolam and ten placebo for 6 nights (double-blind), and all received placebo on 2 withdrawal nights (single-blind). All effects described below were statistically significant. Triazolam reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Percent Stage 2 was increased and percent Stage 4 was reduced during treatment. Morning performance, measured 8.25 h post-drug, showed no decrements. Acute effects were assessed on treatment night 6 during arousals from sleep at 1.5, 3, and 5 h post-administration: performance was impaired in triazolam subjects on the Wilkinson 4-Choice Reaction Time Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Williams Word Memory Test, and Card Sorting Task. In the morning following treatment night 6, long-term memory was tested using a recognition task requiring subjects to identify words presented during night-time test batteries: triazolam subjects correctly identified fewer target words. Triazolam administration produced anterograde amnesic effects. However, in a Paired Associates Test learned prior to drug ingestion on the previous evening, triazolam did not impair morning recall of word pairs. Threshold for arousal from slow wave sleep was elevated during treatment, and triazolam subjects did not show increased sensitivity to the arousing tone over nights as did placebo subjects.
93 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The results of rhythm research have given a new significance to the concept of alternating ergotropic and trophotropic states, but have also shed light on the intrinsic control mechanisms of sleep and waking.
Abstract: W R Hess characterized sleep as “ the expression of a predominance of the trophotropic component of the autonomous nervous system and a preventive measure against exhaustion …” (Hess 1965) His concept of alternating trophotropic and ergotropic states resembles the present-day view of a circadian rest-activity rhythm The trophotropic state and the circadian rest state have in common the predominance of physiological processes subserving energy conservation and restoration They include, in addition to sleep, lipolytic processes of energy metabolism (Le Magnen et al 1968; Danguir and Nicolaidis 1980) coupled to a low rate of feeding and drinking (eg Borbely 1977) and a low level of body temperature (Eastman 1980) The recognition of the integrative functions of the autonomic nervous system was at the root of the ergotropic-trophotropic state concept The discovery of the existence of a central circadian oscillator was the major event in circadian rhythm research Thus it became clear that the various physiological processes occurring typically during the circadian rest-phase are not merely a consequence of behavioural rest or sleep, but are under the direct control of a circadian pacemaker The evidence was obtained from animals and people who lived under schedules without 24-h time-cues, and showed dissociations of their sleep-wake rhythm from the rhythms of body temperature or corticosteroid secretion, although sleep-related components were still evident (Weitzman et al 1979; Eastman 1980) The results of rhythm research have therefore not only given a new significance to the concept of alternating ergotropic and trophotropic states, but have also shed light on the intrinsic control mechanisms of sleep and waking
TL;DR: A working hypothesis was formulated to interpret a triad of sleep events: sleep spindles, K0-complexes, and slow wave sleep and three kinds of sleep are suggested as more useful classifications than the Rechtschaffen and Kales categories.
Abstract: K-complexes unaccompanied by sleep spindles (K0-complexes) and isolated sleep spindles during stage 2, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were examined before and after transient activation phase (AP) and also pseudo-AP during human sleep to determine the relationship of K0-complexes and sleep spindles to APs. Sixteen sleep records obtained from 16 young adult males were scanned for isolated APs during stage 2 NREM sleep. One hundred APs and 62 pseudo-APs were identified and analyzed. The number of sleep spindles decreased and reached its minimum at the onset of APs, when an increase was observed in the number of K0-complexes. APs occurred when a decrease in sleep spindles was coupled with an increased incidence of K0-complexes, thus forming an antagonistic relation. A similar antagonism was observed between sleep spindles and slow waves. A working hypothesis was formulated to interpret a triad of sleep events: sleep spindles. K0-complexes, and slow wave sleep. Three kinds of sleep--REM, spindles-dominant, and slow-wave-dominant--are suggested as more useful classifications than the Rechtschaffen and Kales categories.
TL;DR: The circadian rhythm of REM sleep for the aged persons apparently shifted, with the acrophase occurring during the first half of the night rather than in the early morning hours.
Abstract: All-night polygraphic recordings of 15 healthy aged persons (82.1 +/- 4.8 years old) were conducted for 3 consecutive nights. Thirteen young males (20.9 +/- 0.8 years old) were used as the control group. Compared with the young adults, the aged subjects showed extraordinary reductions in stages 3 and 4 sleep. In the young adults, the four rapid eye movement (REM) periods showed progressive increases in length, whereas in the aged subjects, the same REM periods tended to decrease in length. In the young adults, the percentage of REM sleep increased during the second half of the night, whereas that of the aged subjects was fairly uniform throughout the night. The circadian rhythm of REM sleep for the aged persons apparently shifted, with the acrophase occurring during the first half of the night rather than in the early morning hours.
TL;DR: The data suggest that sleep stages are not completely uniform electrophysiologically across the cortex, which opens the possibility for a new method for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and alternatives in sleep staging.
Abstract: Computer-generated cortical maps of power spectral estimates derived from 16 leads were drawn based on daytime sleep recordings in four normal volunteers. These data were compiled from nine 10-s artifact-free, EEG epochs from awake, stages 1-4 and REM sleep in each volunteer. EEG leads were placed on the left hemisphere and midline according to the 10-20 system with four additional interpolated posterior locations. Magnitude spectral estimates with 1 Hz resolution and adjacent frequencies (delta 2-4, alpha 8-12, beta 13-18) were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (lead by sleep stage). Delta activity was relatively uniform and of low amplitude in awake, eyes-closed subjects, and REM. Delta power increased at the vertex in stage 1. With progressing, non-REM sleep stages, it increased in power and enlarged radially to the intraparietal sulcus posteriorly, and the superior frontal gyrus anteriorly. Comparison of maps with ear and a computed average reference yielded similar topographic patterns. Alpha activity was expectedly maximal occipitally in awake subjects, but surprisingly a frontal area appeared in slow wave sleep. Beta activity in awake subjects was low and maximal parietally; stages 1 and REM showed even lower and more uniform distribution. Stage 2 showed the greatest power, concentrated at the vertex, with stages 3 and 4 diminishing. These data suggest that sleep stages are not completely uniform electrophysiologically across the cortex. This opens the possibility for a new method for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and alternatives in sleep staging.
TL;DR: It is indicated that sleep laboratory recordings to detect a sleep-on-set REM period are of little diagnostic value when the narcoleptic patient has cataplexy, and patients require sleep laboratory evaluation for sleep apnea only when the presence of apnea is suggested by the sleep history.
Abstract: • The development, clinical course, and electrophysiologic characteristics of narcolepsy were evaluated in 50 adults who had a current complaint of sleep attacks and cataplexy. In most of the patients, the first symptoms, usually excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks, developed during childhood or adolescence. The condition was invariably chronic. Patients frequently had family histories of some disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness. In nocturnal sleep or daytime nap recordings, all but three of the patients demonstrated a rapid-eyemovement (REM) period at sleep onset. Sleep apnea was found in only one patient. Our findings indicate that sleep laboratory recordings to detect a sleep-onset REM period are of little diagnostic value when the narcoleptic patient has cataplexy. Furthermore, narcoleptic patients require sleep laboratory evaluation for sleep apnea only when the presence of apnea is suggested by the sleep history.
TL;DR: The overall picture is of a system in change characterized by a wide range of individual differences, and the inability to sustain sleep is clearly indexed by the sleep structure measures.
TL;DR: Values over the whole 24 h period show that quiet sleep (QS) increases with age while paradoxical sleep (PS) and ambiguous sleep (AmbS) decrease; however, when the 24H period is split into two periods (day-time, night-time) it can be seen that QS increases only during the night- time while PS and AmbS decrease only duringThe day-time.
TL;DR: The fact that prolonged, but not acute use, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses slow wave sleep indicates that this commonly used drug produces a poorly understood change in brain physiology.
TL;DR: The results are consistent with the proposed neuronal activity correlates (NAC) theory that REM sleep actively consolidates and/or integrates complex associative information and that NREM sleep passively prevents retroactive interference of recently acquired complex Associative information.
Abstract: This study directly tested the beneficial effect of isolated REM and isolated NREM sleep on the recall of narcoleptics. In a within subject design, 10 narcoleptics were instructed to sleep for a certain optimal duration and at a certain optimal time before each session, and were given 12–14 sessions, one a day, on different lists of a complex associative memory task and a minimally associative memory task. Following the 10-min task, the subject either had 20 min of polygraphically recorded napping or card playing, followed by a free recall test. The results for the complex associative task indicated significant differences between the three conditions for free recall. Recall was significantly better after isolated REM than after isolated NREM sleep or wakefulness and was significantly better after NREM than after wakefulness. The results from the minimally associative task were inconclusive. The results are consistent with the proposed neuronal activity correlates (NAC) theory that REM sleep actively consolidates and/or integrates complex associative information and that NREM sleep passively prevents retroactive interference of recently acquired complex associative information.
TL;DR: This results show an important decrease of the intervening wakefulness between 4-5 weeks and 6-7 weeks, then a modification of the distribution of this intervening wakeness after 21-22 weeks, and no change in the internal organization is observed for active sleep during this period.
TL;DR: Hormonal modifications of arginine aspartate were not accompanied by any detectable alteration of sleep organization and specially of the slow wave sleep pattern, suggesting a direct neuroendocrine action of the drug.
Abstract: Arginine aspartate was administered orally (250 mg/dg/day) for one week to 5 healthy male human volunteers aged 20-35. After this period, the 24 h patterns of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion were determined by radioimmunoassay on blood samples withdrawn every 20 min and correlated with the polygraphic recordings of electroencephalogram, electromyogram and electrooculogram. the results were compared to data obtained in identical conditions with the same subjects but after a week of placebo administration. In all 5 subjects the slow wave sleep related GH peak was about 60% higher after a week of arginine aspartate administration than in the control period, with individual changes of +24, +25, +42, +47 and +162%. The nocturnal mean plasma Prl of each subject was higher after arginine aspartate than before. The nocturnal rise of plasma Prl increased from a mean value of +21.5% during the placebo period to +95% at the end of the arginine aspartate treatment. These hormonal modifications were not accompanied by any detectable alteration of sleep organization and specially of the slow wave sleep pattern, suggesting a direct neuroendocrine action of the drug.
TL;DR: The data support the hypothesis that pontine catecholamines inhibit REM sleep and facilitate wakefulness in cats, and implicate the rostral pons as an important site for the REM-increasing effect of systemically administered phentolamine.
TL;DR: Intraperitoneally administered Δ 9 -THC produced a reduction in peak-to-peak voltage of the desynchronized cortical EEG during wakefulness, and the first few slow-wave sleep (SWS) episodes appearing after Δ 9-THC administration were associated with moreslow-frequency waveforms and more slow-frequency spectral power than with control slow- wave sleep episodes.
TL;DR: It is concluded that further analysis of subjective awareness in sleep or in partial sleep states is very relevant and indeed vital to a more comprehensive understanding of human consciousness.
Abstract: The relevance of sleep/waking rhythms to issues of human consciousness is reviewed from data in the literature and from personal studies. Consciousness is often considered to be markedly attenuated or absent in sleep. There is, however, much evidence for a rich subjective experience during sleep, much of which is not recalled later. This implies that William James' "stream of consciousness' persists continuously throughout sleep as well as wakefulness, but that problems of memory recall interfere with its being reported as such. Sleeping subjects show selective awareness of external stimuli, with significant stimuli generally leading to awakening and relatively nonsignificant stimuli, at least at times, being incorporated into the ongoing mental activity of REM or NREM sleep. Mentation throughout sleep is characterized by a high degree of autonomy and little willful control. Creative insight and problem solving of a very high order may occur in sleep and involve either dreaming or thought-like mentation. Parameters of waking consciousness show possibly sleep-related rhythmic fluctuations at both circadian (24 hr sleep/waking) and ultradian (90-120) min, NREM/REM sleep) rates. Moreover, waking consciousness is markedly influenced by the quality of temporal stability of preceding sleep. A substantial number of so-called "altered states of consciousness" is found to involve primarily or exclusively dysfunction of sleep/waking mechanisms. Cerebral lesions can produce selective impairment of aspects of sleep mentation. It is concluded that further analysis of subjective awareness in sleep or in partial sleep states is very relevant and indeed vital to a more comprehensive understanding of human consciousness.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results showed that during REM sleep sweat gland activity persists at a lower level than during SWS, which could be interpreted by an increase of the hypothalamic set-point temperature, or by an action of extra-hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons.
Abstract: The present study was performed on five nude male subjects by increasing the ambient temperature during well-established slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes. 1. Air temperature was raised from 25 to 41 degrees C at rates of + 0.8 degrees C.min-1 or + 1.6 degrees C min-1 and, afterwards, was maintained at 41 degrees C during 10 min before returning to the initial pre-heating condition. During these thermal transients, wall temperatures (Tw), dew-point temperature (Tdp) and air velocity (Va) were kept constant (Tw = 37.5 degrees C; Tdp = 10 degrees C; Va = 0.3 m.s.-1). Physiological data included 3 EEGs, 2 EOGs, 4 EMGs, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, esophageal temperature and 10 local skin temperatures. Upper chest sweating rate was recorded by a 12 cm2-capsule using a dew-point hygrometer technique. 2. The results showed that during REM sleep sweat gland activity persists at a lower level than during SWS. The lower sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system described during the REM sleep episodes could be interpreted by an increase of the hypothalamic set-point temperature, or by an action of extra-hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons. However, a change at the sweat gland level cannot be ruled out.
TL;DR: The data suggest that sleep disturbances are strongly linked to growth failure in psychosocial dwarfism and hypothesize that the slow wave sleep deficit observed in patients can induce a deprivation of considerable amounts of hGH.
Abstract: Polygraphic sleep recordings were done in four children with psychosocial dwarfism. The first recordings, performed within the first days after hospitalization, exhibited a gross deficit of stage IV sleep and a decrease of the durations of slow wave sleep episodes (SWS = stage III and IV). The second recordings were performed after several wk (3-15) in the new environment, during the growth recovery period. A clear improvement of sleep quality was observed, namely an increase of stage IV amounts. In two of the four patients, hGH release was studied by means of the ornithine test. A low response was found in the first (2) days of hospitalization whereas normal response was observed during the recovery period suggesting a partial and reversible hGH deficiency. A simultaneous recovery of both stage IV sleep and the growth rate was observed in the four patients. These data suggest that sleep disturbances are strongly linked to growth failure in psychosocial dwarfism.
TL;DR: Waking in rats after extensive bilateral lateral hypothalamic damage is a low-arousal form, perhaps related to drowsiness in other species, and to human hypersomnia.
TL;DR: During the first year of life sleep spindles may be of high voltage relative to their appearance in older children and adults and are commonly characterized by variable degrees of interhemispheric asymmetry and asynchrony.
Abstract: Sleep spindles, as defined in the international electroencephalography (EEG) glossary, are distinguished from spindle bursts seen in the EEGs of premature infants. Classical sleep spindles do not occur in prematures. They first appear clearly in the EEG during slow wave sleep from the 4th week postterm (44 weeks conceptional age) and are normally present in all infants' EEGs by 9 weeks postterm. During the first year of life they may be of high voltage relative to their appearance in older children and adults and are commonly characterized by variable degrees of interhemispheric asymmetry and asynchrony. Individual differences are great. Some features of clinical significance are discussed.
TL;DR: It is provided evidence that the transfer of a small quantity of CSF from a previously paradoxical sleep deprived cat can restore paradoxicalSleep in an insomniac PCPA pretreated cat in bypassing the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT).