Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 2003"
TL;DR: A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.
Abstract: Research on men's help seeking yields strategies for enhancing men's use of mental and physical health resources. Analysis of the assumptions underlying existing theory and research also provides a context for evaluating the psychology of men and masculinity as an evolving area of social scientific inquiry. The authors identify several theoretical and methodological obstacles that limit understanding of the variable ways that men do or do not seek help from mental and physical health care professionals. A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts. This approach begins to integrate the psychology of men and masculinity with theory and methodology from other disciplines and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.
2,333 citations
TL;DR: A large number of social psychological conclusions are listed alongside meta-analytic information about the magnitude and variability of the corresponding effects as mentioned in this paper, and the results from more than 25,000 studies of 8 million people.
Abstract: This article compiles results from a century of social psychological research, more than 25,000 studies of 8 million people. A large number of social psychological conclusions are listed alongside meta-analytic information about the magnitude and variability of the corresponding effects. References to 322 meta-analyses of social psychological phenomena are presented, as well as statistical effect-size summaries. Analyses reveal that social psychological effects typically yield a value of r equal to .21 and that, in the typical research literature, effects vary from study to study in ways that produce a standard deviation in r of .15. Uses, limitations, and implications of this large-scale compilation are noted. In 1898 Norman Triplett published an early experiment in social psychology, about an effect of the presence of others on task performance. In the 100 years since Triplett’s investigation, many social psychological effects have been documented. The current article summarizes the best established of these findings, with data from more than 25,000 research studies and 8 million people. Our goal is to quantify the magnitude and variability of social psychological effects. We begin by considering previous summaries of social psychology, note some unresolved issues, and review developments that permit a century of scholarly work to be quantitatively described. For present purposes, we follow Manstead and Hewstone (1995) in regarding social psychology as the study of “the reciprocal influence of the individual and his or her social context” (p. 588).
1,150 citations
Book•
18 Aug 2003
TL;DR: Pidgeon et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed the Social Amplification of Risk (SARF) framework, which is based on the notion of risk amplification and attenuation in the mass media.
Abstract: Introduction Nick Pidgeon, Roger E. Kasperson and Paul Slovic Part I. Conceptual Foundations: 1. The social amplification of risk: assessing fifteen years of research and theory Jeanne X. Kasperson, Roger E. Kasperson, Nick Pidgeon and Paul Slovic 2. The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF): metatheoretical foundations and policy implications Eugene A. Rosa 3. Social amplification of risk and the layering method Glynis M. Breakwell and Julie Barnett 4. Institutional failure and the organizational amplification of risks: the need for a closer look William R. Freudenburg Part II. Risk Signals and the Mass Media: 5. Trust, transparency and social context: implications of social amplification of risk Lynn J. Frewer 6. Risk and relativity: BSE and the British media John Eldridge and Jacquie Reilly 7. After amplification: rethinking the role of the media in risk communication Graham Murdock, Judith Petts and Tom Horlick-Jones 8. Plague and arsenic: assignment of blame in the mass media and the social amplification and attenuation of risk Arvind Susarla Part III. Public Perceptions and Social Controversy: 9. The dynamics of risk amplification and attenuation in context: a French case study Marc Poumadere and Claire Mays 10. Public response to Y2K: social amplification and risk adaptation: or 'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Y2K' Donald G. MacGregor 11. The social dynamics of environmental risk perception: implications for risk communication research and practice Tom Horlick-Jones, Jonathan Sime and Nick Pidgeon 12. Understanding amplification of complex risks issues: the risk story model applied to the EMF case Peter M. Wiedemann, Martin Clauberg and Holger Schutz Part IV. Risk Ripples and Stigma Effects: 13. Integrating politics with the social amplification of risk framework: insights from an exploration in the criminal justice context Rajeev Gowda 14. Nuclear stigma James Flynn Part V. Policy and Management: 15. Searching for the public policy relevance of the risk amplification framework William Leiss 16. Social amplification of risk in participation: two case studies Ortwin Renn Bibliography Index.
945 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses progress in the psychology of religion by highlighting its rapid growth during the past 25 years, with an emphasis on the cognitive and affective basis of religious experience within personality and social psychology.
Abstract: This chapter discusses progress in the psychology of religion by highlighting its rapid growth during the past 25 years. Recent conceptual and empirical developments are described, with an emphasis on the cognitive and affective basis of religious experience within personality and social psychology. Religion and spirituality as domains of study, as well as being common and important process variables that touch a large portion of human experience, are highlighted. Movement away from the previously dominant measurement paradigm is noted, and particularly promising directions suggestive of an emerging interdisciplinary paradigm are described.
711 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Mood as Information: 20 years later, the authors present a 20-year history of the Mood As Information: Mood as information: 20 Years Later, Vol. 14, No. 3-4, pp. 296-303.
Abstract: (2003). Mood as Information: 20 Years Later. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 14, No. 3-4, pp. 296-303.
617 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the social environment and purchase occasion dictates the desired social density which influences customers' affective and cognitive responses, including repurchase intentions, and that customers play a key role in influencing the emotions of others either positively or negatively, and this largely determines whether they intend to return to the service setting.
Abstract: There is considerable evidence that environmental variables can substantially influence consumer behavior in service settings (cf. Turley and Milliman, 2000). However, research to date has focused on the effects of the physical elements (‘atmospherics’), with the social aspects (customers and service providers) of the environment largely ignored. First, we provide a review of the extant literature drawing on four major streams of research from (1) previous marketing (servicescapes); (2) environmental psychology (approach–avoidance theory, behavior setting theory); (3) social psychology (social facilitation theory); and (4) organizational behavior (affective events theory). Second, we present a new conceptual model, the ‘Social-servicescape’. In this paper we argue that the social environment and purchase occasion dictates the desired social density which influences customers’ affective and cognitive responses, including repurchase intentions. Furthermore, we argue that customers play a key role in influencing the emotions of others either positively or negatively, and this largely determines whether they intend to return to the service setting. Implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.
470 citations
Book•
08 Sep 2003
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of human interaction and its applications to modern society found that human interaction is increasingly social, democratic, and connected.
Abstract: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: ADAPTIVE MOTIVES FOR SOCIAL SITUATIONS, VIA CULTURES AND BRAINS Chapter 2 SCIENTIFIC METHODS FOR STUDYING PEOPLE IN INTERACTION Chapter 3 ORDINARY PERSONOLOGY: FIGURING OUT WHY PEOPLE DO WHAT THEY DO Chapter 4 SOCIAL COGNITION: MAKING SENSE OF OTHERS Chapter 5 THE SELF: SOCIAL TO THE CORE Chapter 6 ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION: CHANGING HEARTS AND MINDS Chapter 7 ATTRACTION: INITIATING ROMANCE, FRIENDSHIP, AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS Chapter 8 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: PASSION, INTERDEPENDENCE, COMMITMENT, AND INTIMACY Chapter 9 HELPING: PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Chapter 10 AGGRESSION: ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR Chapter 11 STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION: SOCIAL BIASES Chapter 12 SMALL GROUPS: ONGOING INTERACTIONS Chapter 13 SOCIAL INFLUENCE: DOING WHAT OTHERS DO AND SAY Chapter 14 CONCLUSION: SOCIAL BEINGS REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX
427 citations
TL;DR: In this article, five challenging empirical questions about forgiveness are raised and specific ways in which social and personality psychologists could make distinctive contributions are suggested.
Abstract: Forgiveness and related constructs (e.g., repentance, mercy, reconciliation) are ripe for study by social and personality psychologists, including those interested in justice. Current trends in social science, law, management, philosophy, and theology suggest a need to expand existing justice frameworks to incorporate alternatives or complements to retribution, including forgiveness and related processes. In this article, we raise five challenging empirical questions about forgiveness. For each question, we briefly review representative research, raise hypotheses, and suggest specific ways in which social and personality psychologists could make distinctive contributions.
391 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Hogg and Cooper as discussed by the authors discussed the history and nature of social psychology and the role of individual and group perspectives in the process of collective behavior in the context of group decision-making.
Abstract: Preface and Introduction - Michael A Hogg and Joel Cooper PART ONE: HISTORY AND NATURE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY A Century of Social Psychology - George R Goethals Individuals, Ideas and Investigations Questions and Comparisons - Phoebe C Ellsworth and Richard Gonzales Methods of Research in Social Psychology Honoring Culture Scientifically When Doing Social Psychology - Peter B Smith and Michael Harris Bond PART TWO: INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES Social Inference and Social Memory - Steven J Sherman et al The Interplay between Systems Stereotyping and Impression Formation - Kimberley A Quinn, C Neil Macrae and Galen V Bodenhausen How Categorical Thinking Shapes Person Perception Portraits of the Self - Constantine Sedikides and Aiden P Gregg Attitudes - Russell H Fazio and Michael A Olson Foundations, Functions and Consequences Affect and Emotion - Joseph P Forgas and Craig A Smith Attribution and Person Perception - Yaccov Trope and Ruth Gaunt PART THREE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES Attitude Change - Penny S Visser and Joel Cooper Language and Communication Processes - Kimberly A Noels, Howard Giles and Beth Le Poire Interpersonal Attraction and Intimate Relationships - Julie Fitness, Garth Fletcher and Nickola Overall Altruism and Helping Behavior - C Daniel Batson et al Human Aggression - Craig A Anderson and L Rowell Husemann A Social-Cognitive View PART FOUR: PROCESSES WITHIN GROUPS Social Performance - Kipling D Williams Stephen G Harkins and Steve J Karau Social-Influence Processes of Control and Change - Robin Martin and Miles Hewstone Conformity, Obedience to Authority and Innovation Group Composition - Richard L Moreland and John M Levine Explaining Similarities and Differences among Group Members Group Decision Making - R Scott Tindale, Tatsuya Kameda and Verlin B Hinsz PART FIVE: INTERGROUP PROCESSES AND SOCIETY Intergroup Behavior and Social Identity - Michael A Hogg and Dominic Abrams The Social Psychology of Cultural Diversity - Stephen C Wright and Donald M Taylor Social Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination Enacting Justice - John Darley, Tom R Tyler and Kenworthey Bliz The Interplay of Individual and Institutional Perspectives Come One, Come All - Stephen Worchel Toward Understanding the Process of Collective Behavior Mental Models of Negotiation - Leigh Thompson and Jeff Loewenstein Descriptive, Prescriptive and Paradigmatic Implications
377 citations
TL;DR: A critical and historical overview of the social identity analysis of leadership can be found in this article, where the authors describe the ways that prototypical leaders can protect their tenure through manipulation and control of the group's prototype.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter provides a critical and historical overview of the leadership research, and an overview of key components of the social identity perspective. It discusses the ways in which a focus on group membership, framed by the social identity perspective, can explain important aspects of leadership. The chapter describes the social identity analysis of leadership, including a description of the ways that prototypical leaders can protect their tenure through manipulation and control of the group's prototype. It discusses key empirical tests of the social identity analysis—these tests necessarily hinge on a demonstration that leadership processes become more prototype based with increasing group salience. Several direct and indirect tests from a number of laboratories and research groups around the world that provide support for the social identity analysis have been dealt in the chapter. It presents the results of about 25 independent samples from 16 different studies, and explores implications and extensions of the analysis in the context of the study of leadership.
352 citations
TL;DR: The authors show that many ways of treating talk and textual data fall short of discourse analysis, such as under analysis through summary, under-analysis through taking sides, underanalysis through over-quotation or through isolated quotation, the circular identification of discourses and mental constructs, false survey, and analysis that consists in simply spotting features.
Abstract: A number of ways of treating talk and textual data are identified which fall short of discourse analysis. They are: (1) under-analysis through summary; (2) under-analysis through taking sides; (3) under-analysis through over-quotation or through isolated quotation; (4) the circular identification of discourses and mental constructs; (5) false survey; and (6) analysis that consists in simply spotting features. We show, by applying each of these to an extract from a recorded interview, that none of them actually analyse the data. We hope that illustrating shortcomings in this way will encourage further development of rigorous discourse analysis in social psychology.
TL;DR: This article examined people's folk-psychological concept of intentional action and found that the moral qualities of a behavior strongly influence people's judgments as to whether or not that behavior should be considered intentional.
Abstract: Four experiments examined people's folk-psychological concept of intentional action. The chief question was whether or not evaluative considerations--considerations of good and bad, right and wrong, praise and blame--played any role in that concept. The results indicated that the moral qualities of a behavior strongly influence people's judgments as to whether or not that behavior should be considered "intentional." After eliminating a number of alternative explanations, the author concludes that this effect is best explained by the hypothesis that evaluative considerations do play some role in people's concept of intentional action.
TL;DR: Self-enhancement is positively associated with multiple indicators of mental health and with a more favorable impact on others and a reconciliation of discrepant portraits of the self-enhancer is discussed.
Abstract: Research has variously portrayed self-enhancement as an indicator of narcissistic defensiveness or as a concomitant of mental health. To address this controversy, the present study used multiple measures of self-enhancement along with multiple measures and judges of mental health, comprehensively assessing their relationship. The results indicated that self-enhancement is positively associated with multiple indicators of mental health and with a more favorable impact on others. Discussion centers on a reconciliation of discrepant portraits of the self-enhancer. The prevalence, benefits, and limitations of self-enhancement have been dominant research topics in personality and social psychology research for the past 2 decades. The empirical literature has painted two quite different portraits of the self-enhancer, however. Taylor and Brown (1988) proposed a theory of positive illusions
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the culture, self, and the reality of the social in the context of social media and argue that social media can be seen as a form of self-mutilation.
Abstract: (2003). Culture, Self, and the Reality of the Social. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 14, No. 3-4, pp. 277-283.
TL;DR: Social interdependence theory is a classic example of the interaction among theory, research, and practice that the way in which goals are structured determines how individuals interact, which creates outcomes.
Abstract: Social interdependence theory is a classic example of the interaction among theory, research, and practice. The premise of the theory is that the way in which goals are structured determines how individuals interact, which in turn creates outcomes. Over 750 research studies have been conducted in the past 11 decades on the relative merits of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic efforts and the conditions under which each is appropriate. These studies have validated, modified, refined, and extended the theory. Social interdependence theory has been widely applied, especially in education. The applications have resulted in revisions of the theory and the generation of considerable new research.
TL;DR: A new structuralism has begun to emerge in organizational theory as mentioned in this paper, which draws inspiration from the social structural tradition in sociology, but extends that tradition by more broadly conceptualizing social structure as comprised of broader cultural rules and meaning systems as well as material resources, revealing the subtleties of both overt and covert power.
Abstract: Over the past decade, a new structuralism has begun to emerge in organizational theory. This exciting new research program draws inspiration from the social structural tradition in sociology, but extends that tradition by more broadly conceptualizing social structure as comprised of broader cultural rules and meaning systems as well as material resources—revealing the subtleties of both overt and covert power. Building on the insights of Bourdieu and related work in social theory and cultural sociology, new structuralist empirical research focuses on concrete manifestations of culture in everyday practice and has pioneered the measurement of cultural aspects of social structure using a variety of relational methods. In this essay, we revisit mid-century social structural approaches to organizations, review the development of organization theory as a management subfield that increasingly focused on instrumental exchange, highlight key aspects of the new structuralism in organizational theory, and discuss promising new research directions.
TL;DR: The authors found that media influence predicted body dissatisfaction in women and that age, family pressure and self-esteem predicted body image dissatisfaction in both men and women in both adults and children, and that adults' views about their bodies can have an impact on those of their children.
Abstract: Disordered eating and body image have been widely studied in college students and children. However, few studies have examined body image dissatisfaction in adulthood. Therefore, this prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in adult men and women. One hundred and thirty-nine adults were surveyed on body dissatisfaction and possible relating factors. It was found that media influence predicted body dissatisfaction in women and that age, family pressure and self-esteem predicted body image dissatisfaction in both men and women. Because adults' views about their bodies can have an impact on those of their children, it is important that researchers continue to examine body image dissatisfaction and comparable issues within adult populations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used multilevel models to investigate ambivalence in adult children's relationships with their aging parents and in-laws (N = 1,599).
Abstract: The concept of ambivalence emphasizes the complexity of family relations and the potential for individuals to evaluate relationships as both positive and negative. Using multilevel models, we investigate ambivalence in adult children's relationships with their aging parents and in-laws (N = 1,599). We focus on factors predicting adult children's ambivalence toward parents and inlaws within a gendered kinship structure that shapes these relations. We conclude that ambivalence is a useful concept for representing the complexity of parent-child relationships and is produced within the context of social relations structured by gender and kinship. Results show greater ambivalence among dyads of women, toward in-laws, among those in poor health, for daughters providing assistance, and for adult children with poor parental relations in early life. Key Words: aging, ambivalence, caregiving, gender, intergenerational relations, parent-child relations. Understanding intergenerational relations and assistance across the later years has become increasingly important in conjunction with population aging and a lengthening life span. There is a tradition of sociological research that examines relationship quality among multiple generations of family members (Bengtson & Roberts, 1991; Bengtson & Schrader, 1982; Hareven, 1996; Roberts, Richards, & Bengtson, 1991; Rossi & Rossi, 1990). But a major challenge remains: how to incorporate the complexity of intergenerational relations in theory and empirical research. One such complexity is the difficulty of accounting for aspects of relationships that are simultaneously positive and negative, or in other words, that generate feelings of ambivalence. The concept of ambivalence and research on ambivalent attitudes in close relationships has a long history in social psychology (Braiker & Kelley, 1979; Brown & Farber, 1951; Kaplan, 1972; Merton & Barber, 1963; Scott, 1968). Recently, sociologists have proposed ambivalence as an important and underresearched aspect of family relationships (Connidis & McMullin, 2002a, 2002b; Luescher & Pillemer, 1998). The relevance and utility of this concept for the study of intergenerational relations has been the subject of recent scholarly exchange (Bengtson, Giarrusso, Mabry, & Silverstein, 2002; Connidis & McMullin; Curran, 2002; Luscher, 2002). This study provides one of the first attempts to use the concept of ambivalence in a quantitative analysis that provides an empirical assessment of the issues at hand. To our knowledge, up to the present there is only one other empirical study of ambivalence in intergenerational relations (Pillemer & Suitor, 2002). In our analysis, we use a sample of adult children and their aging parents and in-laws to assess factors that contribute to ambivalence in relations across the generations. We find that ambivalence characterizes over one quarter of relationships between adult children and their aging parents and in-laws. Results show systematic variation in ambivalent attitudes toward the parent generation that are shaped by gender and kinship structures within the context of socially defined expectations and demands, such as caregiving. CONCEPT OF AMBIVALENCE In this study ambivalence refers to contradictory emotions and cognitions held toward people, social relations, and structures (Luescher & Pillemer, 1998; Priester & Petty, 2001; Smelser, 1998). The concept of ambivalence has its roots in both sociology and psychology. We draw on both fields-psychology for issues related to the measurement of ambivalence and sociology for linking individual sentiments to their roots in structural arrangements. Psychological ambivalence has traditionally been viewed as the result of intrapersonal conflict and individual processes without reference to social structure. It is generally defined as contradictory states of individuals, such as conflicting emotions or attitudes, or contradictory relationships between intimates or groups (Raulin, 1984; Weigert, 1991; see Smelser for a review). …
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, an action research approach for improving intergroup relations and participation in diverse societies compels us to understand the requisite values and skills for such participation, and the action research approa...
Abstract: Current attention on improving intergroup relations and participation in diverse societies compels us to understand the requisite values and skills for such participation. An action research approa...
TL;DR: It is argued that constructs such as self-esteem are not, in and of themselves, trait-like or state-like in nature, whereas others demonstrate change in self- esteem or self-worth across relatively long periods of time, on a short-term basis, and across situations.
Abstract: Within the field of personality and social psychology, there has been historical controversy over whether constructs such as self-esteem are stable over time and situation or whether they are changeable. One response to this question has been to invoke two types of self-esteem or self-worth, trait self-esteem and state self-esteem. Thus it has been asserted that adolescents, the participants in this paper, have both a baseline self-esteem as well as a barometric self-esteem that represents short-term fluctuations (Rosenberg, 1986). In this paper, we contend that constructs such as self-esteem are not, in and of themselves, trait-like or state-like in nature. Rather, certain individuals display trait-like behavior, whereas others demonstrate change in self-esteem or self-worth across relatively long periods of time, on a short-term basis, and across situations. Three studies document these claims. The first addresses self-worth as a function of the transition from high school to college. The second examines short-term fluctuations in self-worth. The third investigates variability in self-worth across relational contexts, namely, relational self-worth. In each study, findings reveal that certain adolescents report stability in self-worth whereas others report change, fluctuations, or variability. Social causes of these individual differences are identified in each study, as are mental health implications. It is argued that such approaches provide a clearer understanding of the complexity of self-processes.
TL;DR: This paper argued for a distinctive form of participant observation which they label peopled ethnography, and compared this to two alternative ethnographic approaches, the personal ethnography and the personal anthropological approach.
Abstract: This article argues for a distinctive form of participant observation which I label peopled ethnography. I contrast this to two alternative ethnographic approaches, the personal ethnography and the...
TL;DR: It is argued that a culturally-situated, yet fluid and multifarious account of self-identity is a necessary analytical and normative alternative to the 'neo-modern' accounts of selfhood.
Abstract: This article attempts to engage with a tendency in the theorization of social change and self-identity, evident in the work of a number of contemporary social theorists, to place an extended process of reflexivity at the heart of modern identity. As symptomatic of 'neo-modern' accounts of selfhood, critical readings of Giddens, Beck, Castells and some aspects of social theory more generally, and their account of modern reflexivity's relationship to culture, are assessed. In light of these criticisms, ways in which culture might still play an important part in the shaping of identity are considered. The relationship between language, culture and reflexivity, drawing from philosophy, sociology and G. H. Mead's own brand of social psychology, are all utilized in establishing a critique of the role Giddens and others designate for culture in the constitution of the contemporary self. By potentially repositioning self-identity in its connection to culture, the overall bearing of reflexivity upon the processes of self-identity is thus questioned. It is argued that a culturally-situated, yet fluid and multifarious account of self-identity is a necessary analytical and normative alternative.
TL;DR: The authors used social psychological theories to unify and expand current conceptions of access in ethnographic research, the process by which researchers gather data via interpersonal relationships with participants, and used them to reframing these segments in terms of social identity and self-presentation theories.
Abstract: This article uses social psychological theories to unify and expand current conceptions of access in ethnographic research—the process by which researchers gather data via interpersonal relationships with participants. Although this process is acknowledged as central to the practice of ethnography, understanding of access is fragmented. A review of the ethnographic methods literature, along with “tales of the field” from published ethnographies, suggests the appropriateness of reframing these segments in terms of social identity and self-presentation theories. This makes two major contributions to the ethnographic methods literature. First, it integrates present formulations of the access problem, many of which employ social psychological concepts but are not in explicit dialogue with the theories—or with each other. Second, it allows us to take a fresh perspective on current controversies in the field, complicating notions of power and identity while offering more specificity about how these processes op...
TL;DR: The authors outline a set of first principles designed to help make sense of brain-imaging research within the fields of cognitive and social neuroscience, and conclude that complex aspects of the mind and behavior will benefit from yet a broader collaboration of neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and social scientists.
Abstract: Developments within the neurosciences, cognitive sciences, and social sciences have contributed to the emergence of social neuroscience. Among the most obvious contemporary developments are brainimaging procedures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. The authors outline a set of first principles designed to help make sense of brain-imaging research within the fields of cognitive and social neuroscience. They begin with a principle few would debate—that social cognition, emotion, and behavior involve the brain— but whose implications might not be entirely obvious to those new to the field. The authors conclude that (a) complex aspects of the mind and behavior will benefit from yet a broader collaboration of neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and social scientists, and (b) social psychologists bring important theoretical, methodological, and statistical expertise to this interdisciplinary enterprise.
TL;DR: In this paper, a micro-, process-, and agency-based argument on the nature of social interaction within institutions is presented, with the objective to explore the pathways and mechanisms through which such shifts occur.
Abstract: This article advances hypotheses linking specific European institutions to changes in agent preferences, with the objective to explore the pathways and mechanisms through which such shifts occur. Drawing on work in social psychology and communications research, the author develops a micro-, process-, and agency-based argument on the nature of social interaction within institutions. Empirically, he examines committees of the Council of Europe, the main European rights institution, asking whether the preferences/interests of social agents changed as they discussed and debated issues. Put differently, did they "go native" in Strasbourg? Theoretically, a series of scope conditions for when argumentative persuasion will be effective in "changing minds" is advanced. By thus defining clear domains of application, the article contributes to a central goal of this special issue: building bridges to other-rationalist, in this case-views on social interaction.
28 Nov 2003
TL;DR: The authors suggests which literature in psychology should be of greatest interest to different kinds of international relations scholars, including cognitive social psychology and behavioral decision theory, to enrich our understanding of internal divisions within the realist camp.
Abstract: Organized around several major theoretical traditions in international relations, this essay suggests which literature in psychology should be of greatest interest to different kinds of international relations scholars. New work in cognitive social psychology and behavioral decision theory simultaneously expands on and qualifies earlier error-and-bias portraits of the foreign policy maker, thereby enriching our understanding of internal divisions within the realist camp. Work on bounded rationality in competitive markets and mixed-motive games, as well as the literature on the power of human emotions to shape judgments of what represents an equitable allocation of scarce resources or a just resolution of conflicts of interest, can inform neo-institutionalist and constructivist theories. Developments in cross-cultural social psychology shed light on constructivist arguments about the creation and maintenance of international social order that typically rest on assumptions about decision making that are qua...
TL;DR: Hargreaves et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the relationship between developmental psychology and music education, and suggested that a major change has been the incorporation of a social perspective: it may now make more sense to talk about the developmental social psychology of music and education.
Abstract: Starting from Hargreaves’ (1986a) review of the relationship between developmental psychology and music education, we characterise the mid-1980s as a point at which the different main strands of music psychology – cognitive, developmental, and social – began to unfold. We move to the present day and beyond, suggesting that a major change has been the incorporation of a social perspective: it may now make more sense to talk about the developmental social psychology of music and music education. Four levels of social influence are distinguished – the individual ,t heinterpersonal ,t heinstitutional, and the cultural –a nd we suggest that the concept of identity may enable explanations of social influence at the individual level. We review some research on musical style sensitivity as an exemplar of this general approach, and conclude by applying the social– cultural perspective to current developments in music education. This gives rise to two new conceptual models: of the opportunities that are offered by music education in the twenty-first century, and the outcomes that might be derived from it. Music education is changing very rapidly in the UK, as in many other countries, as a result of rapid social and technological change. What should be taught and learnt at school? What is taught and learnt out of school? How much attention should be paid to instrumental tuition? How much of music is self-taught rather than learnt from others? What are the modern-day roles of conservatoires, universities, and community organisations in music learning? What constitutes being a musician in the digital era? All of these are questions to which the answers are changing very rapidly. If this is true of music education itself, it is hardly surprising that music education research is also changing rapidly. One obvious feature is that it has become increasingly interdisciplinary, drawing on theory and methods from various other specialisms – and so the publication of this special issue is very timely. This paper looks at theory and practice in music education from the point of view of psychology, and takes as its starting point ap aper that one of us wrote well over a decade ago on ‘developmental psychology and music education’ (Hargreaves, 1986a). This paper argued that developmental psychology had a great deal to contribute to music education, and came soon after the publication of The Developmental Psychology of Music (Hargreaves, 1986b), which represented a first attempt to set out what the main features of this field of study might be. Th ep resent paper is in four main parts. We start in the mid-1980s, characterising the state of play when the original article was written as a point at which the different main strands of music psychology – cognitive, developmental, and social – began to unfold.
TL;DR: Solomon argues that, although recent research in social psychology has important implications for business ethics, it does not undermine an approach that stresses virtue ethics as mentioned in this paper, and he underestimates the empirical threat to virtue ethics, and his a priori claim that empirical research cannot overturn our ordinary moral psy- chology is overstated.
Abstract: Solomon argues that, although recent research in social psychology has important implications for business ethics, it does not undermine an approach that stresses virtue ethics. However, he underestimates the empirical threat to virtue ethics, and his a priori claim that empirical research cannot overturn our ordinary moral psy- chology is overstated. His appeal to seemingly obvious differences in character traits between people simply illustrates the fundamen- tal attribution error. His suggestion that the Milgram and Darley and Batson experiments have to do with such character traits as obediS ence and punctuality cannot help to explain the relevant differences in the way people behave in different situations. His appeal to per- sonality theory fails, because, as an intellectual academic discipline, personality theory is in shambles, mainly because it has been con- cerned with conceptions of personality rather than with what is true about personality. Solomon's rejection of Doris's claims about the fragmentation of character is at odds with the received view in social psychology. Finally, he is mistaken to think that rejecting virtue eth- ics implies rejecting ftee will and moral responsibility.