Showing papers on "Standardization published in 2000"
Book•
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26 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors regard standards as a form of regulation enabling a higher degree of global understanding and acceptance of standardization in organizations and society at large, and they regard standardization as a means of regulation.
Abstract: In this insightful discussion of the phenomenon of standardization in organizations and society at large, the authors regard standards as a form of regulation enabling a higher degree of global o ...
741 citations
TL;DR: The complexity of modern technology, especially its system character, has led to an increase in the number and variety of standards that affect a single industry or market as discussed by the authors, and therefore has a significant collective effect on innovation, productivity, and market structure.
372 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that grades and standards are part of the moral economy of the modern world, and that they both set norms for behavior and standardize (create uniformity).
313 citations
193 citations
TL;DR: The Millennium watermark system, the systems proposed for DVD video copy protection by Philips, Macrovision, and Digimarc, and some specific system aspects, such as watermark detector location and copy generation control are addressed.
Abstract: We illustrate the various issues that play a role in designing a copy-protection system for digital versatile disk (DVD) video as perceived by Millennium, one of the two contenders in the DVD-video copy-protection standardization activity. We present the Millennium watermark system, the systems proposed for DVD video copy protection by Philips, Macrovision, and Digimarc. We also address some specific system aspects, such as watermark detector location and copy generation control.
146 citations
TL;DR: A framework developed at NIST that highlights the standardization efforts going on within the various levels of an Internet-based distributed measurement and control (DMC) system is described.
Abstract: This paper details a framework developed at NIST that highlights the standardization efforts going on within the various levels of an Internet-based distributed measurement and control (DMC) system. The framework highlights state-of-the-art hardware and software techniques used at NIST to design, implement, and deploy next-generation Internet-based DMC applications and systems. The framework targets three important areas of standardization including transducer interfaces, open network communication, and distributed application development. An implementation of a DMC application on the Internet based on the NIST framework is also described. The paper concludes with a brief introduction to other research activities at NIST culminating from this core Internet-based DMC research.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey was conducted for the major fifty industrial public firms in Jordan, and statistically analyzed to identify the use of Project Management tools and techniques and the obstacles to proper implementation of such tools.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between global standardization and performance within the global industry context and concluded that global standardisation can be an effective strategic option when implemented consistently with organizational contingencies.
Abstract: Examines the relationship between global standardization and performance within the global industry context. For firms competing in global industries that emphasize high‐tech, industrial products, global standardization was found to be positively related to organizational performance. In addition, considers the moderating effect of managerial characteristics on the global standardization‐performance relationship. Results indicate that the subsidiary manager’s marketing experience strengthened the global standardization‐performance relationship, but the manager’s international experience did not have a moderating effect. In summary, results show that global standardization can be an effective strategic option when implemented consistently with organizational contingencies.
110 citations
TL;DR: These rules must be followed if results of diagnostic measurements are to be comparable and true wherever in the world they are performed, given the increased mobility of patients.
Abstract: In laboratory medicine, meaningful measurements are essential for the diagnosis, risk assessment, treatment, and follow-up of patients; therefore, methods applied in diagnostic measurements must be accurate, precise, specific, and comparable among laboratories (1). A given analytical measurement has only one true result, and the reliability of a measurement lies both in the result obtained and in the performance of a well-defined measurement procedure. Inadequate or incorrect analytical performance has consequences for the patient, the clinician, and the healthcare system. Poor-quality laboratory results may lead to incorrect interpretation by the physician, to a wrong diagnosis, and hence to treatment that impairs, or at least does not help, the patient’s situation.
Measurement procedures in laboratory medicine should not be based on consensus but must follow the established rules of metrology as outlined in the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM) (2). According to VIM, metrology includes all aspects of measurements in whatever fields of science or technology they occur. One key element of metrology is the traceability of a test result to the International System (SI), which ensures comparable results for different measurements of the same analyte in the same sample. “Traceability” is defined as the property of the result related to national or international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each of which has stated uncertainties (2). The importance of these metrologic principles is described in an International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard (3). These rules must be followed if results of diagnostic measurements are to be comparable and true wherever in the world they are performed. Given the increased mobility of patients, comparable (true) test results are essential for a rational and cost-effective diagnostic approach. To reach these goals, international and regional organizations such as the ISO, the CEN, …
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the levels of time-based manufacturing practices, work system practices, and competitive capabilities of 265 firms and found that firms with high levels of Time-Based Manufacturing practices tend to have higher levels of standardization and formalization as well as integration.
96 citations
TL;DR: The origins and processes of the IEEE Project 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks and their effort to bring standardization to the Bluetooth specification are described.
Abstract: The process of creating international standards is a mystery to most people, even to the technologists who use them every day. This article describes the origins and processes of the IEEE Project 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks and their effort to bring standardization to the Bluetooth specification. The committee of experts that comprises P802.15 is chartered with codifying the physical characteristics and protocols used to construct small, low-power, ad hoc networks used for wireless interconnection of personal electronic devices.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-tiered approach to alleviate negative effects of standardization on technical innovations is discussed, to specify only the interface specifications between sub-systems and to define successive generations of standards.
TL;DR: The authors examines the arguments for marketing program standardization on the basis of case studies conducted with Western companies operating in Central Eastern Europe and finds that the globalization philosophy is leading to a new interpretation of this issue.
TL;DR: In this article, common data standards for recording phytosociological data can only be advantageous for advancing the credibility and application of vegetation science, and may stimulate other projects, such as agriculture.
Abstract: . In the framework of the European Vegetation Survey common data standards are proposed for recording phytosociological releves for syntaxonomical classification. The authors wish to establish the notion that common data standards for recording phytosociological data can only be advantageous for advancing the credibility and application of vegetation science, and may stimulate other projects.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is demonstrated that the complementary aspects of innovation and standardization are complementary to each other, and that the remaining space for innovative work is reduced along with the progress of work standardization.
Abstract: An innovative approach is indispensable, not only for developing new products and technology but also for managing any business for future development resulting in market growth and profitability. Work standardization, on the other hand, is stressed in the ISO 9000 Series Standards to raise work efficiency and to ensure product quality. Although both elements of innovation and standardization are considered indispensable for corporate management, they are often thought to be mutually exclusive, because the remaining space for innovative work is reduced along with the progress of work standardization. It is demonstrated, on the contrary, that they are complementary to each other.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a global perspective on information technology standards and standardization in the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), Vol 9, No 3, pp 205-205.
Abstract: (2000) Information technology standards and standardization: A global perspective European Journal of Information Systems: Vol 9, No 3, pp 205-205
TL;DR: The authors describe the motivation behind the development of a standard for nursing terminologies and explain how a terminology model might form the basis for such a standard through a description of the approach taken by CEN TC251 (the Health Informatics Technical Committee of the European Committee for Standardization).
10 Dec 2000
TL;DR: It is argued that in standardization, complex economic and social interactions are blended and firm behavior and the behavior of individuals within firms is best explained through an integration of social, political, and economic perspectives.
Abstract: This article examines the dynamics of inter- and intra-firm networks in technical standard setting initiatives, and how complex social networks align in these initiatives. Specifically, we argue that in standardization, complex economic and social interactions are blended. In standardization activities, firm behavior and the behavior of individuals within firms is best explained through an integration of social, political, and economic perspectives. In this article we use two main bodies of theory. First, we draw on the economic literature on standard setting and alliance formation. Second we use social network theory to complement economic arguments. In this paper we integrate streams of literature on the creation and diffusion of technical standards from industrial organization economics, strategic management, and innovation economics with recent literature concerning the social construction of technology in order to analyze the process of standard setting. We develop our arguments with the help of three in-depth case studies of standardization initiatives in the telecommunications industry. Two case studies are in the realm of telecommunications infrastructure. The third case study analyzes the standardization of a wireless data link. The cases can be characterized as examples of the successful creation of both de facto and de jure standards.
TL;DR: This experience in the USA suggests that over time successful external quality evaluation mechanisms throughout the world will involve representatives of the public, purchasers, and government in establishing standards and setting policies.
Abstract: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, the oldest health care accrediting body in the world, currently accredits almost 20000 organizations in the USA. Although continuing to be professionally-sponsored, accreditation's rapid growth in recent years has been driven by the external users of accreditation--government, purchasers, and public--rather than by the original users, the professionals themselves. This experience in the USA suggests that over time successful external quality evaluation mechanisms throughout the world will involve representatives of the public, purchasers, and government in establishing standards and setting policies. Without this involvement, these stakeholders are unlikely to find the mechanisms credible in addressing their needs, and will seek alternatives--adding cost and duplication to the external quality evaluation system. Successful mechanisms are also likely to provide more detailed information about an organization's performance to the public, purchasers, and the government, while creating evaluation processes that provide for innovation and support improvement in efficiency, as well as quality, through incorporation of aspects of the Baldrige and European Foundation for Quality Management approaches to organizational excellence. Finally, successful evaluation mechanisms are likely to create a special focus on the safety of care, incorporating aspects of the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 9000 approach to quality management. While the specific nature, priority, and timing of these changes will differ from country to country, they are likely to influence the evolution of external quality evaluation throughout the world. External evaluation of health care organizations' quality holds great promise, but its long-term success depends on responding to all those who will want to depend on it.
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TL;DR: A survey of results in developing Real-Time CORBA, a standard for real-time management of distributed objects, describes major RT CORBA research efforts, commercial development efforts, and standardization efforts by the Object Management Group.
Abstract: This paper presents a survey of results in developing Real-Time CORBA, a standard for real-time management of distributed objects. This paper includes background on two areas that have been combined to realize Real-Time CORBA: the CORBA standards that have been produced by the international Object Management Group; and techniques for distributed real-time computing that have been produced in the research community. The survey describes major RT CORBA research efforts, commercial development efforts, and standardization efforts by the Object Management Group.
TL;DR: The nature of interoperability and requirements in maximizing its economic benefits when economies are networked are summarized.
TL;DR: The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) as discussed by the authors is a member of the IMT-2000 family of third-generation systems, and it has been widely recognized as a promising standardization platform.
Abstract: Cellular mobile telecommunications and the World Wide Web are growing at an exciting pace. In the year 1999 both GSM and the Internet reached more than 200 million registered users globally. Thus, it may be expected that users will demand the combination of mobility and multimedia services in a foreseeable time frame. Multimedia content increases and differentiates with the changing information society, and an even richer variety of audio, visual, and text-based information will be required in the future. UMTS, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, a member of the IMT-2000 family of third-generation systems, will provide these services. UMTS standardization has set a new paradigm of timely market-driven standardization in a global partnership of standardization bodies.
TL;DR: The modelling requirements in document analysis are discussed and the techniques used in the RASKE project are described, which aims to find more effective, consistent, and standardized ways to utilize information technology.
Abstract: In trying to achieve document standardization the goal is to find more effective, consistent, and standardized ways to utilize information technology. The specification and implementation of document standards may take several years requiring a profound analysis and understanding of document management practices. Document standardization does not concern documents only: it concerns workers, their work, business partners, and future systems as well. In this paper we discuss two ways of describing the work context of documents: process modelling and life cycle modelling. In process modelling, documents are regarded as resources produced and used in inter- or intra-organizational business processes. Different types of documents are typically produced and used in a business process. In life cycle modelling work related to processing of a document of a specific type is described. The modelling methods have been tested in an SGML standardization project called RASKE during the analysis of four case domains: the enquiry process in the Finnish Parliament and Government, national Finnish legislative work, budgetary work, and the Finnish participation in EU legislative work. This paper discusses the modelling requirements in document analysis and describes the techniques used in the RASKE project.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a dynamic model of how standards and norms emerge in decentralized economies and show that standardization outcomes depend on adopters' attitudes to problems caused by incompatibility.
Abstract: This paper presents a dynamic model, inspired by evolutionary game theory, of how standards and norms emerge in decentralized economies. It shows that standardization outcomes depend on adopters' attitudes to problems caused by incompatibility. If individuals display aversion to incompatibility, standardization never fails to happen eventually, but societies sometimes end up picking inferior standards. In this case, official action can be useful to quickly achieve sensible standardization. On the other hand, when individuals display tolerance or neutrality to incompatibility, there is neither path-dependency nor a lock-in problem, and regulation seems a poor alternative to laissez-faire.
TL;DR: It is argued that, despite increasing ownership consolidation in the commercial radio industry, music programming standardization will likely be confined to larger markets, and it is suggested that concentration in theCommercial music radio industry will enable small, specialist stations to survive and even multiply so that diversified programming will be available in all market areas.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This article discusses an alternative open standards approach that identifies several important classes of PMCs (process modeling components) and defines standard software interfaces for each such class and focuses in particular on CAPE-OPEN (Computer Aided Process Engineering), a major collaborative effort that has been spearheading these developments over the past couple of years.
Abstract: This article discusses an alternative open standards approach. This approach identifies several important classes of PMCs (process modeling components) and defines standard software interfaces for each such class. These steps are seen as an essential prerequisite for a long-term vision according to which: (1) new PMCs will be constructed to adhere to these standards while existing ones will be modified (wrapped) to do so; (2) PMEs (process modeling environments) will make use of PMCs adhering to the standards, thus allowing process engineers to use software from heterogeneus sources operating together to carry out complex model-based tasks. We will focus in particular on CAPE-OPEN (Computer Aided Process Engineering. Open Simulation Environment), a major collaborative effort that has been spearheading these developments over the past couple of years. We will describe the structure and scope of this project, as well as the underlying concepts and characteristics of the main PMC interfaces defined by CAPE-OPEN. We also will touch upon the use of middleware, such as CORBA and COM, for the formal definition and implementation of CAPE-OPEN-compliant interfaces, as well as the work methodology adopted by CAPE-OPEN. CAPE-OPEN is by no means the only major standardization effort in the area of process engineering. We, therefore, also consider its relation to other initiatives such as OPC and pdXi. Finally, we detail some developments that currently are underway, particularly, the Global CAPE-OPEN Project that started in July 1999. We conclude with some remarks on the current state, prospects, and benefits of open architectures for process engineering software.
TL;DR: This article provides a comprehensive overview of the worldwide harmonization efforts on the standardization of third-generation terrestrial mobile communication systems.
Abstract: The International Telecommunication Union launched the third-generation project in 1986 with the aim to provide global personal communication using an inexpensive mobile terminal that can truly facilitate communication "anywhere, anytime". In previous years, standardization activities toward IMT-2000 have accelerated toward concrete specifications. By June 1998, a total of 15 proposals from around the world had been submitted to the ITU as radio transmission technology candidates. Since then, the 3G standardization landscape has seen many changes-a steady progression of the convergence process. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the worldwide harmonization efforts on the standardization of third-generation terrestrial mobile communication systems. The status, as of October 1999 when this article was written, of the technical specifications within 3G partnership projects are also summarized.
TL;DR: The international standardization activities for UMTS are summarized, its key applications are outlined, and an overview of capacity-enhancing features such as joint (multi-user) detection and smart antennas are given.
Abstract: Due to the increasing number of users in mobile communications and the demand for mobile multimedia services with high data rates, third-generation mobile radio systems are currently one of the key communication technologies in research, development, and international standardization bodies. This article summarizes the international standardization activities for this new technology, outlines its key applications, and provides an overview of UMTS as specified by the 3GPP. Moreover, an overview of capacity-enhancing features such as joint (multi-user) detection and smart antennas is given. Finally, we develop a vision for mobile communications beyond the third generation.
Patent•
30 Oct 2000TL;DR: In this article, a method for processing monitored data from a remote asset to optimize maintenance and operation schedules is proposed, which comprises the steps of collecting data from the remote asset, building a data set based on the data collected (20, 22, 24, 26), applying statistical scripts to the data set to create a statistical model (28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 46), creating a standardization model from the compared statistical model and data set, and deriving statistical based control limits, (54,
Abstract: A method for processing monitored data from a remote asset (5) to optimize maintenance and operation schedules, the method comprising the steps of collecting data from the remote asset, building a data set based on the data collected (20, 22, 24, 26), applying statistical scripts to the data set to create a statistical model (28, 30, 32, 34, 36), comparing the statistical model to the data set, (40, 42, 44, 46), creating a standardization model from the compared statistical model and the data set (48, 50), applying a trending algorithm to the data (52), deriving statistical based control limits, (54, 56, 58) and applying the control limits to a new set of collected data (60, 62).