Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 2021"

Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art

Abstract: Objectives:Discussions of fairness in criminal justice risk assessments typically lack conceptual precision. Rhetoric too often substitutes for careful analysis. In this article, we seek to clarify...

The State of the Nation : Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism

Abstract: Introduction John A. Hall Part I. The Making of the Theory: 1. Thoughts about change: Ernest Gellner and the history of nationalism Roman Szporluk 2. Ernest Gellner's diagnoses of nationalism: a critical overview, or, what is living and what is dead in Ernest Gellner's philosophy of nationalism Brendan O'Leary Part II. The Classical Criticisms: 3. Real and constructed: the nature of the nation Miroslav Hroch 4. The curse of rurality: limits of modernisation theory Tom Nairn 5. Nationalism and language: a post-Soviet perspective David Laitin 6. Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism: some definitional and methodological issues Nicos Mouzelis Part III. Bringing Politics Back In: 7. Nationalisms that bark and nationalisms that bite: Ernest Gellner and the substantiation of nations Mark Beissinger 8. Nationalism and modernity Charles Taylor 9. Modern multi-national democracies: transcending a Gellnerian oxymoron Alfred Stepan Part IV. Wider Implications: 10. Nationalism and civil society in Central Europe: from Ruritania to the Carpathian Euroregion Chris Hann 11. From here to modernity: Ernest Gellner on nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism Dale F. Eickelman 12. Myths and misconceptions in the study of nationalism Rogers Brubaker.

Nasionalism: Character Education Orientation in Learning Development

Abstract: The values of nationalism can be learned from educational materials that are oriented towards character development. Character education is part of a revolutionary zone among students, therefore character education is a very important part to be urgently developed in the minds of the student head because students are the next generation who will lead the nation and state. Character learning that is oriented towards the values of nationalism can overcome various social problems. Building character for the current generation is one of the goals of national education. The Ministry of National Education (2011) describes the matter of character building through educational institutions that in the implementation process designing students to have caring care and responsibility. This analysis concerns that character education is part of the formation of identity, selfconcept, self-esteem, psychology, personality, character, individualistic behavior, character and character. This writing method uses a descriptive method. Discussion: 1). Zone of Nationalism and Learning. 2). Character Education and Learning Development. Conclusion: Character learning in universities is one of the development of learning which should provide an effective space in internalizing the values of Nationalism in shaping the character and civilization of the Indonesian nation to students

The Kurds In Turkey: A Political Dilemma

Abstract: This book analyzes the Kurdish problem in Turkey from the point of view of the Turkish authorities, as well as from the perspective of disaffected Kurds living in that state and abroad. It also analyzes the political instability and terrorism rampant in Turkey during the late 1970s.

Greening states and societies: from transitions to great transformations

Abstract: This article examines the limits and potential of the state in orchestrating sustainability transitions from the standpoint of critical theory on the green state. Two interrelated questions are pos...

The Americanization of West Virginia: Creating a Modern Industrial State, 1916-1925

Abstract: " Hennen explores West Virginia's integration into America's corporate political economy during and after World War I. Far from being isolated during America's transformation into a world power, West Virginia was squarely in the mainstream. The state's people and natural resources served crucial functions as producers and fuel for the postwar economy. Hennen examines a formative period in West Virginia's modern history that has been largely neglected beyond the traditional focus in the coal industry. Hennen looks at education, reform, and industrial relations in the state of the context of war mobilization, postwar instability, and national economic expansion. The First World War, he argues, consolidated the dominant positions of professionals, business people, and political capitalists as arbiters of national values. Corporate leaders employed public relations tactics that the Wilson administration had refined to gain public support for the war. Free-market business principles became synonymous with patriotic citizenship. Americanization, therefore, refers less to the assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream than to the attempt to encode values that would guarantee a literate and loyal producing class.

Mind and Politics : An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly obvious that liberalism as a type of political theory and the institutions and processes associated with liberal politics are in trouble. On the one hand, it is hard to see how traditional liberal politics can continue much longer given the developing decay within modern liberal societies-poverty in the midst of plenty, citizen apathy and disgust, debilitating urban life, counter-productive military adventures, and so on. In addition, liberal politics and theory are also jeopardized by the development of critiques and alternative political theories as, for example, exemplified in Professor Wood's essay. In other words, both the actual developments in liberal social life and the theorizing of those commenting on liberal thought and practice give evidence, to paraphrase Theodore Lowi, that liberalism is at its end. Professor Wood's study is an assessment of liberal theory which calls attention to the inadequacies, contradictions, and what are for most people the unacceptable implications of the liberalism of Locke, Hobbes, Madison, Bentham, and J. S. Mill. In addition to pointing out the internal problems of liberal theory, Wood also contrasts the Lockeian liberal model with an alternative model typified by Kant, Rousseau, and Marx. Locke and Rousseau have been analyzed many times as theorists presenting two significantly different models of social and political life. Wood has gone beyond the work previously done on this point and shows how the alternative political models are related to alternative epistemologies. In addition she identifies the epistemology of Kant which describes an active role for the subject as the key for the development of a more adequate political theory and a more humane social life encouraging the development of freedom (creativity) and a true community of men. Although the Kantian-Rousseauist-Marxist model is preferred by Wood (and also by me), the fact remains that actual society is more consistent with the Lockeian description of social life as interest forces, state power, and the like, which are external to man and opposed to him. In other words, the real-life situation for most men in modern society is not one of active creativity and freedom, but rather one of passivity and response to that which is external to them. There is nothing in Wood's essay to suggest that actual society is not more Lockeian than the Kantian-Rousseauist-

State of the world 2020: autocratization turns viral

Abstract: This article analyses the state of democracy in 2020. The world is still more democratic than it was in the 1970s and 1980s, but a trend of autocratization is ongoing and affecting 25 countries in ...

Toward Collaborative Cross-Sector Business Models for Sustainability:

Abstract: Sustainability challenges typically occur across sectoral boundaries, calling the state, market, and civil society to action. Although consensus exists on the merits of cross-sector collaboration, ...

Rural revitalization, scholars, and the dynamics of the collective future in China

Abstract: Rural development in the Chinese state's strategy has been a changing political-economic problematic. The state has practiced a strategic essentialism with regard to ‘peasantry.' It has actively ta...

Limits of intolerance: nativism and immigration control in nineteenth-century New York

Abstract: This article examines the development of immigration policy in New York State, analyzing why the state legislature failed to introduce an immigrant deportation law in the nineteenth century and its...

The cosmopolitan historiography of twentieth-century federalism

Abstract: This article examines the historiographical debate over federalism between the 1930s and 1960s. In their most sweeping iterations, revisionists have sought to unravel the history of the nation-state, by using the history of anti-colonial federalist demands for equal incorporation into imperial states as evidence against a teleology of nationalist independence. In perceiving the democratic potentialities embedded within imperial state forms, revisionists argue that anti-colonial federalists therefore belong within a cosmopolitan tradition of seeking democratic supra-national governance beyond empire and nation. Some iterations of ‘post-colonial cosmopolitanism’ have unfortunately channelled debate into an opposition between federalism and nationalism, while also generating methodological republicanism, the tendency to view proto-republics within imperial formations. This review challenges these interpretive shortcomings and argues instead that federalism ought to be understood as part of a contest about the state as such. By integrating scholarship on French and British imperial federalism with recent work on regional federalisms in European and African contexts, this essay centres a whole range of ideological variations of ‘cosmopolitanism’ that adapted federalism to their critiques of the state. Ultimately, this reframing of federalist historiography enables new insights into contests about, and not just over, twentieth-century states.

Geopolitics and the ‘New’ State Capitalism

Abstract: We may be witnessing the emergence of a new ‘state capitalist’ normal, a term this Forum proposes to problematise in its geopolitical dimensions. The growing prevalence of state-sponsored entities ...

In search of a political economy of the postgrowth era

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the ecological and climate emergencies and several other deep crises, advocates of degrowth call for democratic transitions towards societies that can thrive beyond economic...

The Origins of Violence in Rwanda

Abstract: This article shows that the intensity of violence in Rwanda’s recent past can be traced back to the initial establishment of its pre-colonial state. Villages that were brought under centralized rule one century earlier experienced a doubling of violence during the state-organized 1994 genocide. Instrumental variable estimates exploiting differences in the proximity to Nyanza—an early capital—suggest that these effects are causal. Before the genocide, when the state faced rebel attacks, with longer state presence, violence is lower. Using data from several sources, including a lab-in-the-field experiment across an abandoned historical boundary, I show that the effect of the historical state is primarily sustained by culturally transmitted norms of obedience. The persistent effect of the pre-colonial state interacts with government policy: where the state developed earlier, there is more violence when the Rwandan government mobilized for mass killing and less violence when the government pursued peace.

Consumers experiencing vulnerability: a state of play in the literature

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review of research on consumers experiencing vulnerability to describe the current situation of the consumers experiencing vulnerability literature and develop an up-to-date synthesised definition of consumers experiencing vulnerability. Design/methodology/approach This systematic review, guided by the PRISMA framework, takes a multi-disciplinary approach to identify 310 articles published between 2010 and 2019 examining consumers experiencing vulnerability. Descriptive analysis of the data is undertaken in combination with a thematic and text mining approach using Leximancer software. Findings A definition of consumers experiencing vulnerability is developed- “unique and subjective experiences where characteristics such as states, conditions and/or external factors lead to a consumer experiencing a sense of powerlessness in consumption settings”. The findings reveal consumers experiencing vulnerability have often been classified using a uni-dimensional approach (opposed to a multi-dimensional), focussing on one factor of vulnerability, the most prevalent of these being economic and age factors. A lack of research has examined consumers experiencing vulnerability based upon geographical remoteness, gender and sexual exploitation. Originality/value This paper is one of the first to examine consumers experiencing vulnerability using a systematic approach and text mining analysis to synthesise a large set of articles, which subsequently reduces the potential for researchers’ interpretative bias. Further, it is the first to generate a data-driven definition of consumers experiencing vulnerability. It provides targeted recommendations to allow further scholarly, policy and practical contributions to this area.

State of exemption: migration policy and the enactment of sovereignty

Abstract: Migration is a policy area through which current nationalist governments enact territorial state sovereignty. This paper builds on Giorgio Agamben’s work to suggest that the liberal territorial sta...

The impact of COVID-19 on Venezuelan migrants' access to health: A qualitative study in Colombian and Peruvian cities.

Abstract: This research seeks to understand how COVID-19 has affected access to healthcare among migrants in Latin American cities. Using ethnographic research methods, we engaged with Venezuelans living in conditions of informality in four Colombian cities-Barranquilla, Cucuta, Riohacha, and Soacha-and three Peruvian cities-Lima, Trujillo, and Tumbes. We conducted 130 interviews of both Venezuelan migrants and state and non-governmental actors within the healthcare ecosystems of these cities. We found that forced migrants from Venezuela in both Colombia and Peru face common obstacles along their access trajectories to healthcare, which we summarize as legal, financial, and relating to discrimination and information asymmetry. By limiting effective access to care during the pandemic, these obstacles have also affected migrants' ability to cover the costs of basic needs, particularly food and housing. Our study also found a prevalent reliance on alternative forms of care, such as telemedicine, easy-to-access pharmacies, and extralegal care networks. We conclude that COVID-19 has exacerbated preexisting conditions of informality and health inequities affecting Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and Peru.

Taking back control: comprador bankers and managerial developmentalism in Poland

Abstract: With rare exception, political economists assume that developmental policies and developmental alliances between states and business result from top-down, state co-option or coercion of business. T...

Colluding With and Resisting the State: Organizing Against Gender Violence in the U.S

Abstract: The movements for racial justice, health equity, and economic relief have been activated in the contentious and challenging climate of 2020, with COVID-19 and social protest. In this context, femin...

Beyond the discourse of denial: The reproduction of fossil fuel hegemony in Australia

Abstract: Despite growing public concern over the worsening climate crisis, tangible action to reduce carbon emissions and limit fossil fuel use remains limited. This is particularly apparent in carbon-rich nations which promote the extraction, export and use of coal, oil and gas as key drivers of economic activity. We examine this contradiction between growing public demands for climate action and the continued dominance of fossil energy in Australia, now the world’s largest exporter of coal and gas. Through a qualitative analysis of media coverage and industry public relations during the period 2008–2019, we show how the fossil fuel hegemony has been maintained and extended in the face of growing social and political critique. We identify the key discourses that the Australian fossil fuel sector has employed in reproducing hegemony and delaying action on climate change. This extends previous theorisations of moral and intellectual leadership by detailing how the fossil fuel sector embeds particular technical claims into the climate change debate. Second, we expand knowledge of political strategy to show how corporate discourses aimed at maintaining hegemony are extended through the state as an ideological promoter.

State Preemption of Local Laws: Origins and Modern Trends

Abstract: American cities are creatures of their states, with states both granting and limiting the power of their cities. This relationship is characterized by how cooperative or competitive states are with cities in their legislation. Despite the recent attention given to state preemption of local laws, this is not a new phenomenon. Part of the confusion surrounding preemption is that there is no shared definition or understanding of its forms. The purpose of this article is to begin to create that shared conception. In doing so, we define preemption according to its historic origins as the use of coercive methods to substitute state priorities for local policymaking. We argue modern state preemption of local laws can be divided into four phases, each with their own policies and mechanisms. We show how preemption has changed over time, shifting the functional, legal, and political relationship between states and their cities. Together, these phases help assist policymakers and administrators in understanding the nature of state preemption, and thus how to create and implement local policies in an environment where the distribution of power between governments is competitive and changing.

The state of the study of the market in political economy: China’s rise shines light on conceptual shortcomings:

Abstract: The minimalist, atomistic classical liberal definition of markets is dominant in the global political economy literature, if often implicitly so. But major shifts are occurring in the 21st century,...