Showing papers on "Substance abuse published in 1984"
TL;DR: Lifetime rates are presented for 15 DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses evaluated in three large household samples on the basis of lay interviewers' use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
Abstract: • Lifetime rates are presented for 15 DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses evaluated in three large household samples on the basis of lay interviewers' use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The most common diagnoses were alcohol abuse and dependence, phobia, major depressive episode, and drug abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in men were antisocial personality and alcohol abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in women were depressive episodes and phobias. The age group with highest rates for most disorders was found to be young adults (aged 25 to 44 years). Correlates with race, education, and urbanization are presented.
2,459 citations
TL;DR: Possible linkages of influence among classes of drugs in the observed sequential progression from adolescence to young adulthood are investigated through event history analyses through three stages: initiation to marijuana, to the use of other illicit drugs, and to prescribed psychoactive drugs.
Abstract: Possible linkages of influence among classes of drugs in the observed sequential progression from adolescence to young adulthood are investigated through event history analyses Three stages are examined: initiation to marijuana, to the use of other illicit drugs, and to prescribed psychoactive drugs The data are based on a follow-up cohort of former adolescents representative of high school students in grade 10 and 11 in New York State who were reinterviewed nine years later at ages 24-25 The sequential order between alcohol and/or cigarettes and marijuana reflects not only the effect of the use of legal drugs on marijuana initiation, but also age effects on onset of these drugs, controlling for individual characteristics measured in adolescence; marijuana use by one's friends in adolescence is an additional important predictor of marijuana initiation Prior use of marijuana is necessary for progression to other illicit drugs Multiple factors are involved in the progression to prescribed drugs, with adolescent depressive symptomatology and use of other illicit drugs important for both sexes, and maternal use of psychoactive drugs, dropping out of school, and prior use of marijuana of additional importance for women Although licit drugs influence initiation into marijuana independently of age effects, it is especially for the progression from marijuana to other illicit drugs that the earlier drug is associated with the progression to a higher stage drug
424 citations
TL;DR: The patterns formerly observed in adolescence involving progression from one class of legal drug to marijuana to the use of other illicit drugs appear in the transitional period into young adult, with an additional stage, that of prescribed psychoactive drugs.
Abstract: Major pathways of progression among legal, illegal, and medically prescribed psychoactive drugs from adolescence to young adulthood are described. The data are based on a follow-up cohort of former adolescents representative of high school students in grades 10 and 11 in New York State who were reinterviewed nine years later at ages 24-25. Various models of progression are tested for their goodness of fit. The patterns formerly observed in adolescence involving progression from one class of legal drug (either alcohol or cigarettes) to marijuana to the use of other illicit drugs appear in the transitional period into young adult, with an additional stage, that of prescribed psychoactive drugs. Some differences appear between men and women, with cigarettes more important for women than for men in the total progression.
422 citations
TL;DR: The effectiveness of a 20 session cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention was tested on seventh grade students and indicated that the prevention program had a significant impact on cigarette smoking, excessive drinking, and marijuana use when implemented by peer leaders.
374 citations
315 citations
TL;DR: Although autopsy findings were generally nonspecific, multiple needle-puncture marks with surrounding ecchymoses are typical of IV cocaine abuse, an increase in cocaine-related overdose deaths is anticipated because of its popularity, increasing availability, and, currently, the increased purity of street cocaine.
Abstract: The epidemiologic, pathological, and toxicological findings of 60 cocaine-related overdose deaths from middle 1978 through 1982 were studied and compared with a previous publication by this office. In addition, 180 deaths where cocaine was an incidental toxicological finding are also discussed. Currently, the average street cocaine fatality victim is 29 years old, and 42% of the victims are female. Blacks comprise 39% of the cases. The blood cocaine concentration in "street cocaine" fatality victims averaged 6.2 mg/L with a wide range, necessitating careful interpretation of the toxicological results in conjunction with terminal events. Although autopsy findings were generally nonspecific, multiple needle-puncture marks with surrounding ecchymoses are typical of IV cocaine abuse. An increase in cocaine-related overdose deaths is anticipated because of its popularity, increasing availability, and, currently, the increased purity of street cocaine. (JAMA1984;252:1889-1893)
219 citations
TL;DR: Findings from panel analyses suggest drug use during the first three years following high school, a period during which many young people make important transitions in social environments, primary activity, and marital status, seems to be influence by post-high-school living arrangements.
Abstract: In this article we report findings from panel analyses in which we examined drug use during the first three years following high school, a period during which many young people make important transitions in social environments, primary activity, and marital status. Post-high-school drug use is highly predictable from senior year drug use; however, usage rates for alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs (but not cigarettes) seem also to be influence by post-high-school living arrangements. More specifically, those who continued to live with their parents showed little or no change in their drug use; but among those who moved out of the parental home, those who married showed a decrease in use, those living with a partner of the opposite sex showed some increase in drug use, and those who entered other living arrangements (which include dormitories) also showed an increase in use. These relations were largely unaffected by the inclusion of student status, employment status, and other predictor dimensions.
215 citations
TL;DR: Low MAO subjects were found to be more sensation seeking and to have higher scores on impulsivity and monotony avoidance, and this subgroup seems to be the real "high risk" group that could be expected to show more alcohol abuse and higher tendencies to suicidal behavior.
Abstract: Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and intellectual level were examined in a large series of 1,129 18-year-old boys, selected from the general population. Personality traits were determined by means of selected subscales from several personality inventories such as the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Karolinska Hospital Personality Inventory. Information was also gathered concerning alcohol consumption habits, signs of alcohol dependence, and use and abuse of tobacco, cannabis, glue, opiates, and amphetamine. Low MAO subjects were found to be more sensation seeking and to have higher scores on impulsivity and monotony avoidance. They also had higher use of tobacco and alcohol, showed more signs of possible alcohol dependence, and showed more drug abuse. When low MAO subjects were subdivided according to intellectual level, low MAO subjects with high intellectual level were found to have higher psychological functioning as judged by a psychologist after a clinical interview. Low MAO subjects with low intellectual level were found to have more use and abuse of alcohol and drugs, i.e., less accepted forms of sensation seeking, and they had a significantly lower level of psychological functioning. This subgroup seems to be the real “high risk” group that according to the high risk paradigm could be expected to show more alcohol abuse and higher tendencies to suicidal behavior.
173 citations
TL;DR: Psychiatric disturbance, and its relationship to delinquent behavior, was investigated in 71 incarcerated seriously delinquent adolescents using structured diagnostic instruments (SADA-DSM-III) and a definition of delinquency based on adjudicated felonies.
Abstract: Psychiatric disturbance, and its relationship to delinquent behavior, was investigated in 71 incarcerated seriously delinquent adolescents (40 male, 31 female) using structured diagnostic instruments (SADA-DSM-III) and a definition of delinquency based on adjudicated felonies. A wide range of psychopathology was identified, with all subjects receiving multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Substance abuse/alcoholism, borderline personality disorder, and major/minor affective disorders were the most common diagnoses. Measures associated with severity of delinquency and adult antisocial outcome were most clearly associated with borderline personality disorder and substance/alcohol abuse. Results are discussed with regard to future studies and treatment implications.
160 citations
TL;DR: Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use are differentiated for American youth 18 to 24 years old during the period from 1976 to 1982, with clear class (or cohort) effects appeared for cigarette use, with each successive class smoking less.
Abstract: Period, age, and cohort effects on substance use are differentiated for American youth 18 to 24 years old during the period from 1976 to 1982. The data are provided by the Monitoring the Future project, an ongoing study which employs a cohort-sequential design. Weighted least squares regression is used to find plausible and parsimonious models to account for the observed variation in 12 different classes of drugs, both licit and illicit. The point is made that there are no definitive ways to differentiate among the types of effects; thus, any interpretation is open to debate. Period effects involving increased use occurred for cocaine, amphetamines, and methaqualone, while decreases occurred for barbiturates, tranquilizers, and psychedelics other than LSD. Marijuana showed a curvilinear period effect, first increasing then decreasing. Effects of age were more complex. There were increases in the year after high school for daily cigarette use, but not for monthly use. Monthly and daily alcohol use increase...
158 citations
TL;DR: Young adults who had been diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood were found to have had greater involvement with alcohol and drug use and with courts and police than did matched controls during the five years preceding evaluation.
Abstract: In a ten-year prospective follow-up study, young adults who had been diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood were found to have had greater involvement with alcohol and drug use and with courts and police than did matched controls during the five years preceding evaluation. However, differences between groups were generally not significant in the year prior to evaluation, and tests indicate that they had attained similar levels of moral development. Results suggest a more encouraging adult outcome than has previously been expected for hyperactive children.
TL;DR: Results indicate that the possession of difficult temperamental characteristics at age five and in early adulthood are associated with tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use in young adulthood.
Abstract: This study examined the role of the Thomas and Chess conceptualization of “difficult” temperament or behavioral style and tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use in the 133 subjects of the New York Longitudinal Study. Results indicate that the possession of difficult temperamental characteristics (slow adaptability, withdrawal responses, negative mood, high intensity of reactions, and biological irregularity) at age five and in early adulthood are associated with tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use in young adulthood. Further results indicate that the continued use of marijuana throughout adolescence and alcohol and tobacco use from ages thirteen through sixteen were related to the subjects' difficult temperament characteristics in young adulthood.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that the neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS are underdiagnosed during acute medical illness and that psychiatric consultation is underutilized.
Abstract: A retrospective review of the charts of 52 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the New York Hospital was conducted to determine the prevalence of recorded psychiatric complications and the use of psychiatric consultation. Neuropsychiatric complications were found to be pervasive clinical features in AIDS patients hospitalized during acute illness. Mood disturbance was identified in an overwhelming majority of the patients (82.7 percent), and signs of organic mental syndrome (DSM III) were noted in 65.4 percent; references to neuropsychiatric complications appeared in every patient's chart. Neurological complications were seldom explicitly diagnosed or treated. Psychiatric consultation was requested for 10 patients (19.2 percent) because of management problems, for diagnostic assessment, or by self-referral. Only one patient was given a psychiatric diagnosis at discharge. The results suggest that the neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS are underdiagnosed during acute medical illness and that psychiatric consultation is underutilized. AIDS patients have a heightened risk of psychological problems. Contributing factors may include the threat to life, severe physical debilitation, central nervous system involvement, fear of contagion, disclosure of homosexuality or drug abuse, and guilt associated with sexual transmission.
TL;DR: One hundred and eight women with bulimia were evaluated for affective disorder and alcohol or drug abuse, by means of the DSM-III diagnostic criteria, and approximately 56% of the bulimIA patients scored within the moderate to severe range of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory.
Abstract: One hundred and eight women with bulimia were evaluated for affective disorder and alcohol or drug abuse, by means of the DSM-III diagnostic criteria. In this sample, 43.5% had a history of affective disorder and 18.5% had a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Approximately 56% of the bulimia patients scored within the moderate to severe range of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory. Language: en
TL;DR: It is believed that freebase cocaine use frequently produces pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities that appear after relatively brief periods of abuse, and these abnormalities may persist after cessation of free base cocaine use.
Abstract: Of 19 consecutive smokers of cocaine, "freebase" cocaine [ill]rs, admitted to a chemical dependence program, 12 (63%) respiratory symptoms and ten (58%) noted dyspnea. [ill]ormalities of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity were [ill] seen in ten of the subjects, although responses to steady[ill]te exercise testing were normal in subjects undergoing [ill]rcise. We believe that freebase cocaine use frequently [ill]duces pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities that appear [ill]r relatively brief periods of abuse. These abnormalities [ill]y persist after cessation of freebase cocaine use. A history [ill]his form of drug abuse should be sought when evaluating [ill]ents with appropriate symptoms or abnormalities of diffuscapacity. Arch intern Med1984;144:2195-2197)
TL;DR: A treatment model for bulimia is outlined which addresses both the addiction at hand and the underlying developmental deficits, and a need to account for the serious problem of symptom substitution in substance abusing populations.
TL;DR: Data on 73 physicians are compared with data on 185 middle-class patients similarly treated for alcoholism or drug dependence in a hospital-based inpatient program, finding the prognosis was more favorable for physicians than for general patients.
Abstract: Data on 73 physicians are compared with data on 185 middle-class patients similarly treated for alcoholism or drug dependence in a hospital-based inpatient program. General patients were contacted one year after treatment and physicians, one to five years later. The prognosis was more favorable for physicians than for general patients. When the groups were selected for study on the basis of completion of inpatient treatment, availability at time of contact, and not having died, 83% of physicians and 62% of the general group were noted to have favorable outcomes. Close monitoring may account, in part, for the better prognosis for physicians. ( JAMA 1984;251:743-746)
TL;DR: In this paper, commonalities in Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior are discussed. But they do not consider the relationship between substance abuse and habitual behavior, and do not address the role of mental health in substance abuse.
Abstract: (1984). Commonalities in Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 269-270.
TL;DR: Three patients who had generalized seizures immediately following intravenous injection of cocaine have been reported who may be associated with a rising incidence of cocaine-associated seizures.
Abstract: Cocaine is a commonly abused drug. We report three patients who had generalized seizures immediately following intravenous injection of cocaine. Previous experimental and clinical literature have documented a relationship between cocaine and convulsions. The rising incidence of cocaine use may be associated with a rising incidence of cocaine-associated seizures.
TL;DR: Analysis of family history information from a prospectively studied group of 40 young female patients with anorexia nervosa and 23 normal control female subjects of similar age showed more depression and substance use disorders in first- and second-degree relatives of anorexic patients.
Abstract: Analysis of family history information from a prospectively studied group of 40 young female patients with anorexia nervosa and 23 normal control female subjects of similar age showed more depression and substance use disorders in first- and second-degree relatives of anorexia nervosa patients. Further, the pedigrees of the patients differed significantly from those of the control subjects in the higher frequency of depression and substance use disorders in consecutive generations and in the family "loading" of these disorders. These findings, consistent with previous reports, add to the growing evidence of an association between anorexia nervosa and familial risk for affective and related disorders.
TL;DR: Symptoms that indicated the presence of underlying antisocial personality in a group of alcoholics while comparing their alcoholism to alcoholics without pre-existing psychiatric conditions were identified, and whether antisocials were more likely to complain of symptoms of other common psychiatric syndromes were determined.
TL;DR: An attempt to develop alternative DRGs for mental disorders, based on such variables as age, marital status, and type of treatment as well as on diagnosis, is discussed.
Abstract: Under the new federal prospective payment system, 15 of the 467 diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) cover mental disorders, including alcohol and substance abuse. The authors compare these 15 DRGs with some criteria of an ideal patient classification system. According to their assessment, the DRGs for mental disorders pose no administrative problems, but are not sufficiently homogeneous within categories or beterogeneous between categories. The authors conclude by discussing their own attempt to develop alternative DRGs, based on such variables as age, marital status, and type of treatment as well as on diagnosis.
TL;DR: The review of the literature on associations among these did not deal with implications of frequent association, so this literature was re-evaluated with a more comprehensive assessment of the studies and reports bearing on these associations.
Abstract: Current practice through both diagnostic systems and clinical approaches tends to view alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality as completely distinct systems. In the course of research with other goals, the authors noted the apparent associations of each pair within this triad. As prior reviews of the literature on associations among these did not deal with implications of frequent association, this literature was re-evaluated with a more comprehensive assessment of the studies and reports bearing on these associations. After a broad search, studies were examined that reponed statistics indicating an association or none between one or more of the pairs of the triad. About 75% to 80% of the studies meeting the criteria showed positive associations between pairs. Also, a common etiological matrix may predispose one to behaviors diagnostic of each aspect of the triad: alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality. Although many studies contained methodological difficulties, the review suggest...
TL;DR: The present research was conducted to examine the effects of pretreatment psychiatric status and treatment duration on improvement following drug abuse rehabilitation and the general efficacy of drug-dependence treatment and the specific issue of the psychiatrically impaired drug abusers.
Abstract: The present research was conducted to examine the effects of pretreatment psychiatric status and tieatment duration on improvement following drug abuse rehabilitation. Percent improvement from admission to 6-month follow-up was measured on three criteria: drug use, employment, and criminality. Analyses of the total samples in both the Therapeutic Community (TC) and Methadone Maintenance (MM) programs indicated some quantitative differences between the two modalities but all measures showed a strong and positive relation between treatment duration and percent improvement. When patients in the two program samples were divided, on the basis of admission psychiatric status, into LOW, MID, and HIGH severity groups, different findings emerged. LOW severity patients in both programs showed the greatest absolute levels of improvement in most measures, more improvement at shorter treatment durations, and less additional improvement at longer treatment durations. MID severity patients in both programs showed the mo...
TL;DR: The authors investigated the hypothesis that increased amounts of stress during and/or prior to adolescence would be associated with elevated use or abuse of drug substances by adolescents to draw the overall conclusion that increased life stress levels are significantlyassociated with elevated drug use.
Abstract: The authors investigated the hypothesis that increased amounts of stress during and/or prior to adolescence would be associated with elevated use or abuse of drug substances by adolescents. Through the study the authors also provided further information regarding the usefulness of various techniques of life event surveying in the measurement of presumptive stress among adolescents. Using a multivariate analysis of the data, a number of conclusions were drawn with the overall conclusion that increased life stress levels are significantly associated with elevated drug use.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: Alcohol is the most widely used mood-altering agent in America and will eventually be abused, adversely affecting the health, family life, or legal status of these individuals.
Abstract: Alcohol is the most widely used mood-altering agent in America. One need only walk down a city street or peruse a popular magazine to gain an idea of how important alcohol is in our society. It is both a social lubricant and a pharmacological tool for tension relief. Unfortunately, in more than 10% of all Americans who drink, alcohol will eventually be abused, adversely affecting the health, family life, or legal status of these individuals.