Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1992"
Book•
15 Aug 1992
TL;DR: Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses Hypochlorination On-Site Generation of Chlorine Chemistry of chlorination Determination of CHlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment Chlorification of Potable Water Chlorination of Wastewater Disinfection of wastewater Disinfections of wastewater chlorine facilities Design Dechlorination Operation and Maintenance of CHCLs and CHCL equipment as mentioned in this paper Chemical Design Bromine, Bromine Chloride, and Iodine Ultraviolet Radiation and AO x
Abstract: Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses Hypochlorination On-Site Generation of Chlorine Chemistry of Chlorination Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment Chlorination of Potable Water Chlorination of Wastewater Disinfection of Wastewater Chlorine Facilities Design Dechlorination Operation and Maintenance of Chlorination and Dechlorination Equipment Chlorine Dioxide Ozone Ozone, Peroxone, and AO x Ps Ozone Facility Design Bromine, Bromine Chloride, and Iodine Ultraviolet Radiation and AO x Ps Appendices Index.
766 citations
TL;DR: In this article, simulated dye wastewater, separately prepared with disperse, reactive, direct, acid and basic dyes, were decolorized with a hydrogen peroxide-ferrous ion system, known as Fenton's reagent.
668 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1992
425 citations
TL;DR: Measurements showed that the maximum specific growth rate µ max of heterotrophic biomass depends on temperature, reactor configuration and SRT.
398 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of permeable substrata, such as gravel, commonly planted with emergent wetland plants such as Typha, Schoenoplectus, Phragmites or Cyperus, has been investigated.
332 citations
TL;DR: The fractionation of organic matter in the various parts which are used for mathematical modelling is discussed in this article, where the fractions include inert soluble, readily biodegradable, rapidly hydrolysable, slowly hydrolyable, biomass and inert suspended material.
314 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the maximum specific utilization rates of activated sludge functional microorganism groups (nitrifiers, denitrifiers and heterotrophs) were characterized through determinations of maximum specific utilisation rates of ammonia (AUR) nitrate (NUR) and oxygen (OUR).
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it has been shown that hydrogen peroxide interferes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, and further shows how to allow for this interference in future COD analysis.
210 citations
Book•
05 Feb 1992
TL;DR: The impact of man on the environment: An Overview Air Pollution: Sources and effects Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollutant Dispersion Air- Pollution Sampling and Measurement Air-Pollution Control Methods and Equipment Control of Specific Gaseous Pollutants Sources and Classification of Water Pollution Sources as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Impact of Man on the Environment: An Overview Air Pollution: Sources and Effects Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollutant Dispersion Air Pollution Sampling and Measurement Air Pollution Control Methods and Equipment Control of Specific Gaseous Pollutants Sources and Classification of Water Pollutants Wastewater Sampling and Analysis Wastewater Treatment Solid Waste Management Appendices Indexes.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of hydrated lime and ferric chloride was used to remove more than 99% of the original arsenic concentration in a former pesticide facility, where water that was collected during various operations was contaminated with arsenic.
Abstract: The use of arsenic in agriculture, industry, and domestic endeavors since the last century has increased the concentration of arsenic in the environment. During cleanup activities at a former pesticide facility, water that was collected during various operations was contaminated with arsenic and required treatment before discharge. Chemical precipitation was identified as being the most effective means of treatment. Bench-scale treatability testing was completed to determine the effectiveness of various coagulants, including ferric chloride, hydrated lime, sodium sulfide, and alum. A combination of hydrated lime and ferric chloride was able to remove more than 99% of the original arsenic concentration
179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the methods for measuring changes in wastewater composition (organic matter, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds), characteristics for changes in the wastewater composition and empirical equations for oxygen uptake rates, sulfide production rates and BOD removal rates in both pressure mains and gravity sewers.
Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, general concepts of aquatic ecology are discussed, including standing crop, productivity and growth limitations, and the effects of wastes in standing water and running water on aquatic ecology.
Abstract: Part I: General concepts of aquatic ecology. Ecosystem function and management. Standing Crop, productivity and growth limitations. Hydrographic characteristics. Nutrient cycles. Characteristics of wastewater. Part II: Effects of wastes in standing water. Phytoplankton. Entrophication. Zooplankton. Macrophytes. Lakes and reservoir restoration. Part III: Effects of wastes in running water. Periphyton. Benthic macroinvertebrates. Fish. Appendices. References. Index.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse in the State of California's Wastewater Reclamation Criteria and proposed new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bureau of Mines investigated the use of zeolites from abundant natural deposits for efficiently cleaning up mining industry wastewaters and found that phillipsite proved to be the most efficient, while mordenites had the lowest uptakes.
Abstract: Zeolites from abundant natural deposits were investigated by the Bureau of Mines for efficiently cleaning up mining industry wastewaters. Twenty-four zeolite samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma. These included clinoptilolite, mordenite, chabazite, erionite, and phillipsite. Bulk densities of a sized fraction (-40, +65 mesh) varied from 0.48 to 0.93 g/mL. Attrition losses ranged from 1 to 18% during an hour-long shake test. The 24 zeolites and an ion-exchange resin were tested for the uptake of Cd, Cu, and Zn. Of the natural zeolites, phillipsite proved to be the most efficient, while the mordenites had the lowest uptakes. Sodium was the most effective exchangeable ion for exchange of heavy metals. Wastewater from an abandoned copper mine in Nevada was used to test the effectiveness of clinoptilolite for treating a multi-ion wastewater. The metal ions Fe3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ in the copper mine wastewater were removed to below drinking water standards, but Mn2+ an...
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified version of the IAWPRC model and the techniques used to calibrate it on site were described, and growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and the inert wastewater fractions were measured by simple methods, both in laboratory pilots and on full scale.
TL;DR: In this article, experiments with domestic sewage using a 120 litre expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and a 205 litre fluidised bed (FB) reactor were carried out to assess the maximum achievable removal of different COD fractions under EGSB and UASB conditions.
Patent•
04 Mar 1992TL;DR: In this paper, a plurality of filter membrane modules are vertically arranged in parallel at predetermined intervals within a treating tank, and the water to be treated which is stored in the treating tank is separated into solid and liquid by the filter membranes, and water that has passed through the filter membrane module is extracted as treated water.
Abstract: An activated sludge treating apparatus for use in treating wastewater, such as gray water and sewage. A plurality of filter membrane modules are vertically arranged in parallel at predetermined intervals within a treating tank. The water to be treated which is stored in the treating tank is separated into solid and liquid by the filter membrane modules, and water that has passed through the filter membrane modules is extracted as treated water. An agitating device is disposed at a level below the filter membrane modules.
TL;DR: In this article, continuous high-energy electron irradiation was employed in the removal of mixtures of benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and o -xylene from potable water and secondary wastewater effluent.
Abstract: Continuous high-energy electron irradiation was employed in the removal of mixtures of benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and o-xylene from potable water and secondary wastewater effluent in the presence of an extremely efficient radical scavenger (3.3 mM methanol). In the potable water, >99% removal of all aromatic solutes was achieved at 787 krad (7.87 kGy, [OH . ]≃2.2×10 -3 M) with influent concentrations of each of the solutes approximately 1 μM, whereas in the secondary wastewater, solute removal was 91-96% for similar initial concentrations
01 Feb 1992
Patent•
21 Aug 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of bubbles is generated with coarse (>2 mm) and fine (<20 μm) diffusers using an auxiliary stream, whether alone, or a recirculating stream into which air is drawn, may provide the coarse bubbles.
Abstract: Raw sewage ("black water" from toilets), wastewater from showers, sinks, kitchen facilities ("grey water") and oily water from the bilge of a host vessel ("oily water"), in combination, unexpectedly provide the essential nutrients for a live mass of mixed microorganisms which are peculiarly well-adapted to ingest the nutrients To facilitate availability of oxygen to the microorganisms so as to provide growth of the microorganisms, and also, to allow them destroy to themselves, excess oxygen is discharged, in a combination of microbubbles and macrobubbles, into a membrane bioreactor ("MBR") The mixture of bubbles is preferably generated with coarse (>2 mm) and fine (<20 μm) bubble diffusers An auxiliary stream, whether alone, or a recirculating stream into which air is drawn, may provide the coarse bubbles The air is entrained, in a jet aerator or eductor, in a recirculating loop of activated sludge taken from the MBR Another portion of the contents of the MBR is pumped to a semipermeable membrane which provides water (permeate) of excellent quality The remaining concentrate is led to a gas micronizing means which produces a tail-jet of microaerated concentrate The tail-jet is returned to the MBR to provide kinetic energy for maintaining a high velocity of liquid flow in the MBR A portion of the concentrate is disposed of Preferably the liquid waste to be treated on-board does not substantially exceed about 21 meters 3 /day
TL;DR: The relationship between biomass and these activity parameters was established in growth cultures made by inoculating a nutrient medium with either wastewater or activated sludge, and compared to data obtained by using the previously mentioned methods as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel moving bed biofilm reactor was developed, where the biofilm grows on small, free floating plastic elements with a large surface area and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm 3.
Patent•
06 Nov 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the operation of a multiple zone batch treatment system for biological or biophysical treatment of wastewater is described, where the system comprises two or more batch treatment zones (10,12) with wastewater passing sequentially through all treatment zones.
Abstract: A process is described for the operation of a multiple zone batch treatment system for biological or biophysical treatment of wastewater. The system comprises two or more batch treatment zones (10,12) with wastewater passing sequentially through all treatment zones. After the mix and settle batch steps occur for all zones, influent wastewater flows into the first zone (10) and displaces clarified wastewater in a plug flow mode through each treatment zone and ultimately from the last zone (12). The combining of the decant and fill steps for all or most of the zones provides for shorter cycle times and greater capacity for the system.
TL;DR: In this article, a novel method of separation of dyes by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) was investigated. But the results indicate that this is an effective method for the separation of synthetic dyes from wastewater.
Abstract: Auxiliary chemicals used in the preparation of water-based dyes have been reported to pose problems in conventional wastewater treatment processes. The dye manufacturing industries have to find alternate wastewater treatment processes to remove dyes from their waste effluents. This paper investigates a novel method of separation of dyes by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs). The results indicate that this is an effective method for the separation of synthetic dyes from wastewater. The mechanism of removal has been shown to be ion coupling of the oppositely charged species of the surfactant forming the CGA and the dye and flotation of the ion-dye complex on the surface of CGA microbubbles.
TL;DR: The mechanism, technology and character of the anaerobic-aerobic treatment of dye wastewater by combination of fixed film with suspended growth after acclimatization are discussed in this paper.
01 May 1992
TL;DR: In this article, personnel from Armstrong Laboratory (AL) Water Quality Function found this EPA publication to be an excellent source for sampling and sample preservation of water and wastewater and the information found in this document should assist base Bioenvironmental Engineers in all aspects of water sampling.
Abstract: : Personnel from Armstrong Laboratory (AL) Water Quality Function found this EPA publication to be an excellent source for sampling and sample preservation of water and wastewater. The information found in this document should assist base Bioenvironmental Engineers in all aspects of water sampling. Sampling, Flow, Measurements, Wastewater sampling, Sediment sampling, Statistical approach to sampling, Ground water sampling, Drinking water Sampling, Sludge sampling.
ENEA1
TL;DR: In this paper, two 51 bench-scale SBRs were built to study a simple and reliable treatment system for piggery wastewater, where the best efficiency in N removal has been noticed in the reactor in which the feeding distribution was done in two denitrification phases, allowing a better use of the organic substrate for the denitrifying bacteria.
TL;DR: In this article, the Klagshamn wastewater treatment plant in Malmo investigated for extensive nitrogen removal in a single-sludge system with pre-precipitation and post-denitrification where methanol was added for denitrification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of olive mill wastewater are set out the viewpoint of their pollutant capacity and the problems arising from their tipping in olive-growing areas, and the national administration's solutions for preventing pollutions of surface waters are also stated.
Abstract: The characteristics of olive mill wastewater are set out the viewpoint of their pollutant capacity and the problems arising from their tipping in olive-growing areas. The national administration's solutions for preventing pollutions of surface waters are also stated.
Special detail is given to the action taken within a research and development program financed by the Spanish Government and the EEC through the Commission MEDSPA 89 for the technical-economic evaluation of different systems for eliminating and treating olive mill wastewater, in order to determine the feasibility of their introduction at industrial level.
At the same time the systems currently under evaluation are described:
- Intensification of natural evaporation from olive mill wastewater stored in ponds (two systems).
- Physical processes using forced evaporation to eliminate the olive mill wastewater, followed by aerobic biological processes or systems of ultrafiltration and inverse osmosis for final treatment of the condensate (two systems).
- Application of physico-chemical processes to eliminate the greater part of the organic components of the olive mill wastewaters and the use of aerobic biological processes or systems of ultrafiltration and inverse osmosis for final treatment of the clarified fraction (three systems).
- Biological process for the complete treatment of the olive mill wastewaters by the successive application of processes: bioconversion, biomethanisation, aerobic treatment, and physico-chemical treatment. Treatment yields of the order of 99,6% are achieved, at the same time obtaining by-products of commercial interest (one system).
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of hydroperiod on nutrient removal efficiency from simulated wastewater was investigated in replicate wetland mesocosms (area, 2 m 2, planted with Scirpus californicus ).