Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Soil Chemical Analysis

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

This first report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the conceptual framework that is being used in the MA. It is not a formal assessment of the literature, but rather a scientifically informed presentation of the choices made by the assessment team in structuring the analysis and framing the issues. The conceptual framework elaborated in this report describes the approach and assumptions that will underlie the analysis conducted in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The framework was developed through interactions among the experts involved in the MA as well as stakeholders who will use its findings. It represents one means of examining the linkages between ecosystems and human well-being that is both scientifically credible and relevant to decision-makers. This framework for analysis and decision-making should be of use to a wide array of individuals and institutions in government, the private sector, and civil society that seek to incorporate considerations of ecosystem services in their assessments, plans, and actions.

/pdf/ecosystems-and-human-well-being-a-framework-for-assessment-4qlt46fj9i.pdf

Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment

Tree species have been the focus of increasing interest regarding the so-called conservation-through-use approach, which aims to achieve conservation by increas- ing the value of wild resources to local communities. Although tree species display many characteristics that increase their potential for sustainable use, the approach is rarely successful in practice. The reasons for this are examined with reference to case studies, considering five conditions needed for success: (1) sustainable harvesting, (2) no interaction between threats, (3) successful commer- cialization, (4) economic benefits received by producers, and (5) use of financial income to support conservation action. Case studies illustrate that even when the first four of these conditions are met, trade in forest products often provides insufficient financial returns to protect the forest against other threats. This highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between threats for conser- vation-through-use to be achieved, an issue illustrated by a conceptual model. Recommendations are presented in- dicating how the conservation of tree species through sus- tainable use may be achieved in practice. Critically, financial rewards of sustainable use need to be large enough to support practical conservation action, which is required to counter the many threats to which tree species are exposed.

/pdf/conservation-of-tree-species-through-sustainable-use-how-can-1cnxs97i6w.pdf

Conservation of tree species through sustainable use: how can it be achieved in practice?

https://leseprobe.buch.de/images-adb/ed/71/ed711994-070a-4983-b030-6259f767a8c1.pdf

Induced Resistance for Plant Defence

The severity of mildew on barley is usually assessed visually and this leads to variation between different scorers. Field assessments by four assessors were analysed to determine the nature and degree of subjective discrepancies between assessors. Two inexperienced assessors failed to detect a major effect of nitrogen due to differences in the interpretation of a scoring system. A computer-based training programme was evaluated for standardising assessments, and was found to improve assessors' accuracy. Linear regression analysis was used here to resolve the error variance into components representing the accuracy and precision of the assessors. Plots of the cumulative differences between the estimate of disease severity by each assessor and the best estimate were used to display how the discrepancies varied with the level of disease. Some modifications to the barley field scoring system are suggested to improve comparability between assessors.

Subjective components of mildew assessment on spring barley

http://www.trees-for-transition.co.uk/cantarellocarbon.pdf

Potential effects of future land-use change on regional carbon stocks in the UK.

SUMMARY In order to determine the effect of fertilizers on the growth, nutrient uptake and ectomycorrhizal infection of seedling oak (Quercus robur L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth.), N, P and K fertilizers were applied in a factorial design to plots of seedlings artificially established on two woodland sites on nutrient-poor soils. A parallel series of pot experiments were undertaken using the same design, in order to eliminate the effects of neighbouring mature trees on growth and mineral uptake. Fertilizer addition increased the growth of birch in both pot and field experiments, and on both soil types, by up to 390%. In contrast, fertilizer addition had little effect on growth of oak, other than to increase dry mass by 11 % in one of the pot experiments. Application of N, P and K generally increased the foliar concentration of the respective nutrient, by up to 49 %. However, a number of negative effects of fertilizer application were recorded, particularly in the case of foliar P. For example, application of N, K and N x K reduced the foliar P of birch by up to 35 % in pots. Fertilizer application to both species tended to reduce ectomycorrhizal infection, both in pots and in the field. These effects were more pronounced for birch than oak, and a greater number of effects were recorded in pots than in the field. In general, N had the greatest effect. For example, the number of mycorrhizal tips of birch in pots was reduced to 38 % of the control value, following N application. Application of P and K also reduced mycorrhizal infection, although the results of the analyses differed depending on how mycorrhizal infection was assessed. The relative proportions of a number of the ectomycorrhizal types were also influenced by fertilizer addition. Although the proportion of most types was reduced, two types [formed by Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. and Scleroderma citrinum Pers.] increased in some of the treatments where they were dominant. For example, application of N to birch in pots increased the proportion of P. involutus mycorrhizas to 172 % of the control. The interactions between the effect of fertilizers on growth, nutrient uptake and mycorrhizal infection are discussed, and some implications for forest management are highlighted.

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adrian_Newton2/publication/264218301_Mineral_nutrition_and_mycorrhizal_infection_of_seedling_oak_and_birch/links/546dda5b0cf26e95bc3d0379.pdf

Mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal infection of seedling oak and birch II. The effect of fertilizers on growth, nutrient uptake and ectomycorrhizal infection

Adrian C. Newton

Papers

Conservation of tree species through sustainable use: how can it be achieved in practice?

Induced Resistance for Plant Defence

Subjective components of mildew assessment on spring barley

Potential effects of future land-use change on regional carbon stocks in the UK.

Mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal infection of seedling oak and birch II. The effect of fertilizers on growth, nutrient uptake and ectomycorrhizal infection