Objective To develop an internationally acceptable definition of child overweight and obesity, specifying the measurement, the reference population, and the age and sex specific cut off points. Design International survey of six large nationally representative cross sectional growth studies. Setting Brazil, Great Britain, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States. Subjects 97 876 males and 94 851 females from birth to 25 years of age. Main outcome measure Body mass index (weight/height 2 ). Results For each of the surveys, centile curves were drawn that at age 18 years passed through the widely used cut off points of 25 and 30 kg/m 2 for adult overweight and obesity. The resulting curves were averaged to provide age and sex specific cut off points from 2›18 years. Conclusions The proposed cut off points, which are less arbitrary and more internationally based than current alternatives, should help to provide internationally comparable prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in children.

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Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey

A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which occur together more often than by chance alone, have become known as the metabolic syndrome. The risk factors include raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. Most recently, these have come from the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The main difference concerns the measure for central obesity, with this being an obligatory component in the International Diabetes Federation definition, lower than in the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria, and ethnic specific. The present article represents the outcome of a meeting between several major organizations in an attempt to unify criteria. It was agreed that there should not be an obligatory component, but that waist measurement would continue to be a useful preliminary screening tool. Three abnormal findings out of 5 would qualify a person for the metabolic syndrome. A single set of cut points would be used for all components except waist circumference, for which further work is required. In the interim, national or regional cut points for waist circumference can be used.

/pdf/harmonizing-the-metabolic-syndrome-a-joint-interim-statement-1vvpo24om1.pdf

Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(03)15268-3.pdf

Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies.

Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

A composition for reducing the weight of a human. The composition is provided in the form of a capsule comprising an effective amount of capsaicin and/or analogs thereof, L-tyrosine, supplemental caffeine and/or and analogs thereof, green tea extract containing catechin and caffeine, and embodiments which include calcium. The invention is also directed toward methods for reducing and maintaining weight of a human using the composition.

Method of inhibiting weight regain after weight loss

BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are commonly used markers of cardiometabolic risk. However, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed to be a better marker of intra-abdominal obesity compared to WC and might better associate with metabolic disturbances in high-risk populations. The objective of this study was to compare SAD, WC, and BMI as determinants of an adverse metabolic phenotype.nnMethodAnthropometric and metabolic measures of 1516 overweight or obese individuals with features of the metabolic syndrome were included to examine differences between SAD, WC and BMI as measures of an adverse metabolic phenotype. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between SAD, WC, and BMI and markers of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, blood lipids, and low grade inflammation.nnResultsBoth SAD and WC correlated with BMI, but as BMI increased, SAD proportionately estimated higher abdominal adiposity compared to WC (slope = 0.0037 (0.0029; 0.0046), p<0.0001). We did not find major differences between SAD, WC and BMI in explained variance in models with the different markers of metabolic risk. Furthermore, we did not find differences between SAD and WC in the ability to identify individuals with metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) cut-offs, but a few differences from BMI were indicated but mostly before adjustments. Moreover, the differences between SAD and WC associations were not modified by sex or degree of adiposity, but identification of individuals with a metabolic phenotype was generally better in women.nnConclusionThese data indicate that SAD and WC are equally good indicators of an adverse metabolic phenotype. Thus, from a public health perspective choice of anthropometric measure may depend only on what is the most practical method in a given situation.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/04/05/598078.full.pdf

Sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference are equally good as identifiers of cardiometabolic risk

https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/115/2/598/42749519/nqab371.pdf

Reply to Verhoef et al.

Verwendung von GLP-1 Peptiden

Astrup A. Quaade F. Ernaeringspaedagogisk behandling af anorexia nervosa i somatisk afdeling.With the increasing incidence of anorexia nervosa need has arisen for an effective treatment which can be performed by the general practitioner. Restoration of the patient's weight to a more healthy level and the prevention of a relapse are the aims. An educational system has been developed which helps to provide both the therapeutist and the patient with quantitative as well as qualitative control of the patient's energy intake. A minimum energy budget is agreed upon with the patient. The budget is administered by the use of iso-energetic, and therefore exchangeable units, visualised as small pictures (counters). They are of three different colours, each representing a food group. The amount of food or drink available for one counter (62.5 kcal) is visualised directly on the drawing. Typically, the budget is 30-50 counters (1875-3125 kcal/day) with an obligatory minimum of blue (protein-rich) counters, whereas the...

Arne Astrup

Papers

Method of inhibiting weight regain after weight loss

Sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference are equally good as identifiers of cardiometabolic risk

Reply to Verhoef et al.

Verwendung von GLP-1 Peptiden

Ernæringspædagogisk behandling af anorexia nervosa i somatisk afdeling