抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

Selective Barrier Perforation in Porous Alumina Anodized on Substrates

http://dspace.mit.edu/openaccess-disseminate/1721.1/51775

Direct Evidence for Effects of Grain Structure on Reversible Compressive Deposition Stresses in Polycrystalline Gold Films

Graphoepitaxial alignment of Au particles through solid-state dewetting of gold films on substrates patterned with topographic features has been demonstrated. Gold films were dewetted on surfaces with a diperiodic array of pits with inverted pyramidal shapes. Under specific conditions, films dewet to form a periodic array of monodisperse particles in the pits. Thick films pull out of the pits rather than dewet into the pits. While particles that form on flat surfaces or between the pits have a (111) out-of-plane texture and random in-plane orientation, particles in pits have (100) out-of plane texture and in-plane alignments such that Au (111) planes are parallel with the facets of the pits. Requirements for relative geometric characteristics of the pits and the film thickness, and requirements on surface-energy anisotropy, are defined for formation of monodisperse graphoepitaxially-aligned particles.

Requirements for graphoepitaxial alignment through solid-state dewetting of Au films

We describe a test structure and a testing technique that allows simultaneous stressing of 50 or more parallel thin film lines of the same width. This technique allows determination of the mean time to electromigration-induced failure and the deviation in the time to failure in a single test. This technique allows more rapid statistical evaluation of new or modified interconnect technologies.

A new electromigration testing technique for rapid statistical evaluation of interconnect technology

Stress evolution during intermittent homoepitaxial growth of (111)-oriented Cu and Ag thin films has been studied. A tensile stress change is observed when growth is stopped, but the change is reversed when growth is resumed. Reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis of the atomic scale surface roughness during intermittent growth demonstrates a strong correlation between the surface structure and reversible stress evolution. The results are discussed in terms of an evolving surface defect population.

Carl V. Thompson

Papers

Selective Barrier Perforation in Porous Alumina Anodized on Substrates

Direct Evidence for Effects of Grain Structure on Reversible Compressive Deposition Stresses in Polycrystalline Gold Films

Requirements for graphoepitaxial alignment through solid-state dewetting of Au films

A new electromigration testing technique for rapid statistical evaluation of interconnect technology

Correlation of stress and atomic-scale surface roughness evolution during intermittent homoepitaxial growth of (111)-oriented Ag and Cu.