抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

Thin film crystallites typically exhibit normal or abnormal growth with maximum grain size limited by energetic and geometric constraints. Although epitaxial methods have been used to produce large single crystal regions, they impose limitations that preclude some compelling applications. The generation of giant grain thin film materials has broad implications for fundamental property analysis and applications. This work details the production of giant grains in Ag films (2.5 μm-thick), ranging in size from ≈50 μm to 1 mm, on silicon nitride films upon silicon substrates. The presence of oxygen during film deposition plays a critical role in controlling grain size and orientation.

Oxygen-induced giant grain growth in Ag films

Large-area arrays of magnetic Ni80Fe20 cylindrical nanoshells, nanocups, and perforated nanocups were synthesized using oblique deposition into topographical templates patterned using laser interference lithography. The geometry of the template and the tilt angle of the sample during deposition provide versatile control over the final geometry and dimension of nanostructures with thickness below 10 nm. Decreasing shell thickness led to a magnetization switching path between onion (bidomain) and reverse onion states, bypassing the vortex (flux-closed) state. The variation of magnetization reversal processes with geometry was characterized using vibrating sample magnetometry, and the results were in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of large-area ferromagnetic cylindrical nanoshell and nanocup arrays

Kinetic Study of Lithiation-Induced Phase Transitions in Amorphous Germanium Thin Films

Carbon nanoneedles (CNNs) were grown using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process in which the source gas (C2H2) was turned off 10 min before the NH3 flow and plasma were turned off. It is demonstrated that tubular carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grow while the source gas is on. However, once the source gas is turned off, the Ni catalyst at the top of each CNF splits to form a small catalyst that remains at the top of the tube and a larger catalyst that travels down the interior of the tube. We postulate that the motion of the bottom (larger) catalyst is driven by etching of the graphitic walls and ‘cups’ inside the CNF. This process, combined with slowing growth of the CNFs and etching of the material above the bottom catalyst, converts the carbon nanofibers to the final nanoneedle shape.

Converting carbon nanofibers to carbon nanoneedles: catalyst splitting and reverse motion

A new electromigration test structure has been designed and fabricated which allows statistical characterization of current-induced open failures at vias, under varying current flow geometries. Results for a 2-level Al-Cu metallization system with W-filled 1.0 μm vias reveal no differences in via lifetimes for parallel, anti-parallel, or perpendicular current flows. However, a factor of 7 improvement in the total average via resistance produces an order of magnitude improvement in lifetimes. Line reliability remains superior to the reliability of the vias, indicating that the vias are the “weak links” in the system. A model for evaluating temperature and current density effects which incorporates the atomic flux equation has been developed and used to make reliability predictions for extrapolations to operating conditions. The model suggests that the median time to failure of a 2-level ietal structure with an average via resistance of two ohms will be 2.7×10 17 hours for operating conditions of 2×10 5 A/cm 2 and 125°C.

Carl V. Thompson

Papers

Oxygen-induced giant grain growth in Ag films

Synthesis and magnetic properties of large-area ferromagnetic cylindrical nanoshell and nanocup arrays

Kinetic Study of Lithiation-Induced Phase Transitions in Amorphous Germanium Thin Films

Converting carbon nanofibers to carbon nanoneedles: catalyst splitting and reverse motion

A Statistical Characterization of Electromigration-Induced Open Failures in 2-Level Metal Structures