抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

Conductance Preservation of Carbene-Functionalized Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (vol 7, pg 1257, 2011)

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Solvent-Dependent O[subscript 2]/Li+-O[subscript 2][superpscript −] Redox Couple: Standard Potentials, Coupling Strength, and Implications for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

Epitaxial misfit has been characterized in Ni/Cu/Si (100) as a function of Ni film thickness using wafer curvature measurements. This strain can be related to measurements of magnetic anisotropy made in the deposition system using the magneto-optic Kerr effect. Films were deposited using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with varying Ni epilayer thickness between 10 and 1000A. The change in wafer curvature due to misfit strain was measured using optical interferometry and the strain was calculated using Stoney’s equation. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize misfit dislocations at the Ni/Cu interface. It has been determined that misfit strain can have a very strong effect on magnetic anisotropy, particularly in the regime between the critical thickness and complete misfit accommodation, where strain has been found to decrease significantly as a function of film thickness. A critical strain has been determined at which a transition in the direction of magnetization easy axis from perpendicular to the film to in the film plane occurs. This discovery allows the use of Kerr effect measurements to characterize misfit strain in situ .

Misfit Strain Relief Beyond the Critical Thickness Using Curvature Measurements and in Situ Characterization of the Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect

Using pulsed laser deposition (PLD), (001)-textured Nb-doped Pb (Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) films with highly restricted in-plane crystallographic alignments were successfully deposited on Si(001) wafers covered with amorphous SiO2. MgO and SrTiO3 (STO) films were used as buffer and seed layers, respectively, for growth of YBA2Cu3O7 (YBCO) and PZT layers. The YBCO layer can serve as a bottom electrode for activation of PZT films. Variations in the deposition conditions for the MgO films were found to play a key role in the subsequent deposition of the oriented PZT thin films. MgO films deposited at an O2 partial pressure of 200 mtorr, have a strong (100) texture, leading to subsequent deposition of PZT films with both a strong (100) texture and highly restricted in-plane orientations. Although the MgO and STO films show very strong crystallographic textures, their in-plane orientations are random. The restricted in-plane orientations were only observed in the YBCO and PZT films.

Growth of (001)-oriented PZT thin films on amorphous SiO2 by pulsed laser deposition

We have studied the effect of different annealing conditions on the crystallinity and morphology of 1000A epitaxial CaF2 films on Si(100). The crystallinity of the films is improved by the anneals, with the highest anneal temperatures giving the greatest improvement. The results are consistent with the model previously proposed to explain the success of rapid thermal annealing in improving thicker epitaxial CaF2 films.

Carl V. Thompson

Papers

Conductance Preservation of Carbene-Functionalized Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (vol 7, pg 1257, 2011)

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Solvent-Dependent O[subscript 2]/Li+-O[subscript 2][superpscript −] Redox Couple: Standard Potentials, Coupling Strength, and Implications for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

Misfit Strain Relief Beyond the Critical Thickness Using Curvature Measurements and in Situ Characterization of the Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect

Growth of (001)-oriented PZT thin films on amorphous SiO2 by pulsed laser deposition

The Effect of Annealing on the Structure of Epitaxial CaF2 Films on Si(100)