抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and “load leveling” of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors.

Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors

A beam of ions incident on a substrate can cause adsorbed gas molecules to break up, resulting in material deposition. We have previously demonstrated deposition of gold from a gas of dimethyl gold hexafluoro acetylacetonate (C7H7F6O2Au) using both focused and broad ion beams. Here we investigate growth at various substrate temperatures and examine micro-structure using transmission electron microscopy. Films grown at room temperature were discontinuous even up to the thickness of 250μπι while films grown at higher substrate temperatures were continuous even at lower thicknesses. Deposition carried out on substrates at 100°C and 160°C using 70 kev Ar+ ions resulted in resistivities approaching the bulk value and a deposition yield of 60 to 75 atoms/ion. The relationship between growth conditions, micro-structure and resistivity will be discussed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1946427400533004

Microstructure of Gold Films Grown by Ion Induced Deposition

Microstructure of gold grown by ion-induced deposition

Li–O2 batteries could potentially yield significantly higher capacities than Li-ion batteries. Achieving high capacity requires efficient void-filling of the cathode by the insoluble insulating dis...

Modeling the Effect of Lithium Superoxide Solvationand Surface Reduction Kinetics on Discharge Capacity in Lithium–OxygenBatteries

In near-bamboo lines, electromigration-induced damage initiates at polygranular clusters which are longer than a critical length and which act as fast-diffusion segments. It has been proposed that two neighboring subcritical clusters can also lead to damage through the interaction of their stress fields. In order to prove the existence of, and to study, such proximity effects, artificial clusters were generated by creating continuous segments of plastic deformation in single-crystal aluminum lines using nanoindentation. Pairs of segments having different separation distances and lengths were made. In situ electromigration tests showed that these segments generated damage in the form of voids and hillocks even when the individual segments were shorter than the critical length. The void growth rate was found to be a function of the separation distance and segment length. A simple analytical model for the electromigration flux in these structures is shown to be consistent with the measured void growth rates....

Electromigration proximity effects of two neighboring fast-diffusion segments in single-crystal aluminum lines

In simulations of grain growth in thin films we have considered the effect of variations in grain boundary energy. Boundary energy depends on both the misorientation between the two neighboring grains, and the angles which the boundary plane makes with the crystallographic axes of the two crystals. Variations in grain boundary energy mean that dihedral angles at triple junctions deviate from 120°. The proportionality between boundary velocities and local curvatures, and the critical curvature for boundary pinning due to surface grooving also both depend on boundary energy. One effect of variable boundary energies is that grains no longer gain or lose area at rates determined solely by their topology or number of sides. (They no longer obey the Von Neumann/Mullins law). Another effect is that as the grain structures evolve, the fraction of high-energy boundaries decreases. Also, the stagnant structures have broader grain size distributions.

Carl V. Thompson

Papers

Microstructure of Gold Films Grown by Ion Induced Deposition

Microstructure of gold grown by ion-induced deposition

Modeling the Effect of Lithium Superoxide Solvationand Surface Reduction Kinetics on Discharge Capacity in Lithium–OxygenBatteries

Electromigration proximity effects of two neighboring fast-diffusion segments in single-crystal aluminum lines

Grain Growth in Thin Films With Variable Grain Boundary Energy