THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Bayesian inference of phylogeny using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) plays a central role in understanding evolutionary history from molecular sequence data. Visualizing and analyzing the MCMC-generated samples from the posterior distribution is a key step in any non-trivial Bayesian inference. We present the software package Tracer (version 1.7) for visualizing and analyzing the MCMC trace files generated through Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Tracer provides kernel density estimation, multivariate visualization, demographic trajectory reconstruction, conditional posterior distribution summary, and more. Tracer is open-source and available at http://beast.community/tracer.

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Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7.

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. Both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered in bats worldwide. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruses and discuss their receptor usage; we also highlight the diversity and potential of spillover of bat-borne coronaviruses, as evidenced by the recent spillover of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) to pigs. Coronaviruses have a broad host range and distribution, and some highly pathogenic lineages have spilled over to humans and animals. Here, Cui, Li and Shi explore the viral factors that enabled the emergence of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome.

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Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

), both detected in bats, have not yet been classiﬁ ed. The presence of numerous lyssaviruses in bat species has led to increasing research efforts toward lyssavirus discovery in bat populations globally. However, lyssavirus surveillance in terrestrial mammals remains limited across most of Africa.Of the 13 lyssaviruses, 5 circulate in Africa (RABV, LBV, MOKV, DUVV, and SHIBV). LBV, MOKV, DUVV, and SHIBV are detected exclusively in Africa, whereas RABV is detected worldwide. The predominant RABV variants circulating in Africa are the mongoose and canine biotypes. In South Africa, canine RABV is considered to have been introduced in the eastern Cape Province after importation of an infected dog from England in 1892 and subsequently spread, infecting domestic and wild carnivores (

Ikoma Lyssavirus, Highly Divergent Novel Lyssavirus in

>> 12 provided an opportunity to examine a large number of raccoons for pathologic changes. This communication documents adrenal gland tumors in 8 raccoons. The animals used for this investigation were obtained from 4 different locations in the eastern USA. During a 5-year period (1986-1990), 322 raccoons (113 from Pennsylvania, 85 from Ohio, 73 from Virginia, 51 from South Carolina) were necropsied, and their tissues were examined histopathologically. The Pennsylvania raccoons were from raccoon rabies-enzootic areas and were rabies suspects. The raccoons from Ohio were obtained from the wild and were used for experimental evaluation of the V-RG vaccine, rabies pathogenesis, and adenovirus studies.

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

An acute and chronic case of cerebral infarction syndrome in two raccoons (Procyon lotor) respectively is described. The raccoon with an acute form of the condition had clinical neurologic signs whereas the raccoon with a chronic form of the condition had no evident clinical signs. In neither raccoon were significant vascular lesions seen. This is the first report of cerebral infarctions in raccoons.

Ischemic Encephalopathy in Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

On August 5, 2011, a bat flew through the cabin of a commercial airliner minutes after takeoff during an early morning flight from Wisconsin to Georgia, potentially exposing the passengers and flight crew to rabies virus. Three days later, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health (WDPH) requested assistance from CDC to conduct a rabies risk assessment for the passengers, flight crew, and ground crew members associated with the flight. No one was determined to have been exposed to rabies virus based on Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines for rabies prevention. An environmental assessment of the Wisconsin airport found a rigorous animal control and incident documentation program and no evidence of bat infestation. Although none of the persons assessed required postexposure rabies prophylaxis in this incident, bats active in daylight or found in areas where they are not normally found (e.g., aboard an aircraft) can pose risks for rabies transmission, and public health officials should be prepared to respond to such occurrences.

Rabies risk assessment of exposures to a bat on a commercial airliner - United States, August 2011.

We report the first evidence of Shimoni bat virus (SHBV) and the detection of Lagos bat virus (LBV)and Mokola virus (MOKV) in bats from Nigeria. In total, 356 bats representing 7 genera and 8 species, collected in 8 locations of northern Nigeria. None of the 356 bat brains screened by direct fluorescent antibody (DFAT) test were positive for lyssavirus antigens. Of the 76 sera screened by modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) 24 (31.6%) had  neutralizing activity; 22(29.0%) neutralized LBV, 6(7.9%) neutralized MOKV and 18(23.7%) neutralized SHBV). Lyssaviruses may be circulating in bats or other wild animals in Nigeria.

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Charles E. Rupprecht

Papers

Ikoma Lyssavirus, Highly Divergent Novel Lyssavirus in

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

Ischemic Encephalopathy in Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Rabies risk assessment of exposures to a bat on a commercial airliner - United States, August 2011.

Detection of Some Lyssaviruses from Fruigivorous and Insectivorous Bats in Nigeria