THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Bayesian inference of phylogeny using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) plays a central role in understanding evolutionary history from molecular sequence data. Visualizing and analyzing the MCMC-generated samples from the posterior distribution is a key step in any non-trivial Bayesian inference. We present the software package Tracer (version 1.7) for visualizing and analyzing the MCMC trace files generated through Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Tracer provides kernel density estimation, multivariate visualization, demographic trajectory reconstruction, conditional posterior distribution summary, and more. Tracer is open-source and available at http://beast.community/tracer.

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Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7.

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. Both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered in bats worldwide. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruses and discuss their receptor usage; we also highlight the diversity and potential of spillover of bat-borne coronaviruses, as evidenced by the recent spillover of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) to pigs. Coronaviruses have a broad host range and distribution, and some highly pathogenic lineages have spilled over to humans and animals. Here, Cui, Li and Shi explore the viral factors that enabled the emergence of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome.

/pdf/origin-and-evolution-of-pathogenic-coronaviruses-5eofmvbv9y.pdf

Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

Postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients.

Further studies on rabies virus isolated from healthy dogs in Nigeria.

V accination of dogs against rabies began with Louis Pasteur and his colleagues in 1884. 1 Mass vaccination of dogs against rabies, however, did not begin until 1919 with a phenol inactivated vaccine developed in Ja-pan. 2 This same product was introduced for use in the United States in 1922. 3 Since then, various types of rabies vaccines for animal use have been licensed by the USDA CVB. These products are an important component of rabies control programs that have resulted in a substantial decline of rabies in dogs throughout the world and the elimination of canine variants of rabies in the United States. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in dogs in the United States has decreased from 5 Currently, 14 rabies vaccines are labeled for use in dogs. These vaccines must meet the standard requirements established in the Title 9 Code of Federal Regulations. This requires that the vaccine provide a protected fraction of ≥ 83% when comparing vaccinated animals versus control animals. Also, all rabies vaccines are evaluated for safety prior to licensure, which includes performance of a field safety trial. Additionally , each serial of rabies vaccine is tested for potency by use of the National Institutes of Health potency test or another test approved by the CVB and is tested for safety in host and laboratory animals. Although the CVB licenses veterinary biological products for use in the prevention of rabies, state and local authorities govern and administer their respective rabies animal control programs. Some of these programs allow exemptions to the vaccination requirements if medical concerns exist related to potential adverse events. Postmarketing safety and efficacy information regarding rabies vaccines for dogs from April 1, 2004, through March 31, 2007, is summarized and reported here. The findings represent information collected from spontaneous field reports of adverse events. Data were received from multiple sources by use of nonstandard-ized methods of collection. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their agencies. Address correspondence to Dr. Frana. provide useful information for veterinarians and program administrators to aid in the implementation of rabies animal control programs. Safety Review Before licensure, a product must be shown to be safe through a combination of safety evaluations. The field safety trial is the most comprehensive evaluation and has the objective of assessing the safety of the product …

Postmarketing surveillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and efficacy.

Unprecedented human population growth and anthropogenic environmental changes have resulted in increased numbers of people living in closer contact with more animals (wild, domestic, and peridomestic) than at any other time in history. Intimate linkage of human and animal health is not a new phenomenon. However, the global scope of contemporary zoonoses has no historical precedent. Indeed, most human infectious diseases classed as emerging are zoonotic, and many of these have spilled over from natural wildlife reservoirs into humans either directly or via domestic or peridomestic animals. Conservation medicine has recently emerged as a meaningful discipline to address the intersection of animal, human, and ecosystem health. Interest in the development of novel vaccines for wildlife encounters important challenges that may prevent progress beyond the conceptual phase. Although notable examples of successful wildlife immunisation programmes exist, depending upon key considerations, vaccination may or may not prove to be effective in the field. When implemented, wildlife vaccination requires a combination of novel zoonosis pathogen management strategies and public education to balance conservation, economic, and public health issues.

https://web.oie.int/boutique/extrait/plumb16229242_0.pdf

Charles E. Rupprecht

Papers

Postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients.

Further studies on rabies virus isolated from healthy dogs in Nigeria.

Postmarketing surveillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and efficacy.

Vaccination in conservation medicine.

Safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in raccoon dogs.