There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

/pdf/surface-plasmon-subwavelength-optics-5e55p12p4o.pdf

Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

We consider the problem of how to determine a fair source coding rate allocation method for the lossless data compression problem in multiterminal networks, e.g, the wireless sensor network where there are a large number of sources to be encoded. We model this problem by a game-theoretic approach and present a decomposition method for obtaining the Shapley value, a fair source coding rate vector in the Slepian-Wolf achievable region. We formulate a coalitional game model where the entropy function quantifies the cost incurred due to the source coding rates in each coalition. In the typical case for which the game is decomposable, we show that the Shapley value can be obtained separately for each subgame. The complexity of this decomposition method is determined by the maximum size of subgames, which is strictly smaller than the total number of sources and contributes to a considerable reduction in computational complexity. Experiments demonstrate large complexity reduction when the number of sources becomes large.

Fairness in Multiterminal Data Compression: Decomposition of Shapley Value

FIELD: physics.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to surface metamaterials. A waveguide apparatus based on complementary elements made of metamaterial has a waveguide structure, having a conducting surface having multiple separate electromagnetic responses relating to corresponding openings, which are complementary elements made of metamaterial, made in the conducting surface, wherein said multiple separate electromagnetic responses provide effective magnetic permeability for electromagnetic waves propagating substantially in the waveguide structure in a direction parallel to the conducting surface.EFFECT: enabling control and manipulation of electromagnetic waves (beams) owing to broader electromagnetic properties and the emergence of new electromagnetic responses.51 cl, 11 dwg

Surface and waveguide metamaterials

We have proposed that a new type of microwave resonator, based on photonic band gap (PBG) structures, may be particularly useful for high energy accelerators. We provide an explanation of the PBG concept and present data which illustrate some of the special properties associated with such structures. Further evaluation of the utility of PBG resonators requires laboratory testing of model structures at cryogenic temperatures, and at high fields. We provide a brief discussion of our test program, which is currently in progress. >

Photonic Band Gap Resonators for High Energy Accelerators

We designed, fabricated, and characterized an infrared metamaterial hologram. The hologram correctly reproduces the design image. This work demonstrates that metamaterials can be used to fabricate devices with arbitrary 2D refractive index profiles.

Infrared metamaterial hologram

A novel design solution for a low-profile full-duplex Satellite-On-The-Move Communications hybrid scanned phased array antenna for low elevation angle coverage (down to 10°) is described. The antenna is operated at Ku-Band. The unique louvered array element geometry in combination with a spatial filter/ “ray bending” lens facilitates the shaping of the element pattern to increase gain at low elevation angles. Preliminary modelling results using simple ray-tracing and 3D E simulation indicate that the desired low angle coverage can be achieved.

/pdf/a-new-low-profile-antenna-with-improved-performance-for-3o3obvpcns.pdf

David R. Smith

Papers

Fairness in Multiterminal Data Compression: Decomposition of Shapley Value

Surface and waveguide metamaterials

Photonic Band Gap Resonators for High Energy Accelerators

Infrared metamaterial hologram

A new low profile antenna with improved performance for Satellite On-The-Move Communications