There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

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Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

We demonstrate Purcell enhancements of-1000 from fluorescent molecules embedded in a plasmonic antenna with sub-10 nm gap between metals. Simulations and experiments reveal the high radiative efficiency and directionality of the antenna.

Plasmonic nanopatch antennas for large purcell enhancement

We present a comprehensive simulation platform for computational microwave imaging systems based on frequency-diverse metasurface antennas (FDMAs). FDMAs consist of a waveguide patterned with complementary metamaterial elements with resonant frequencies selected randomly from a band of operation, enabling the generation of distinct frequency-indexed radiation patterns. By accurately modeling the fields produced by the FDMA using a dipolar model, it is possible to predict the capabilities of the imaging system in a fast and reliable manner. In contrast to previous works, in this paper we include the mutual interaction between metamaterial elements, and it is demonstrated that these interactions are crucial to a better understanding of the FDMAs' capabilities e. g. effective aperture area and correlation of radiation patterns. The simplicity and accuracy of the proposed model permits the simulation of different metasurfaces for computational microwave imaging, where traditional antenna design- and metamaterial modeling-are prohibitively costly.

Dipolar Model for Metamaterial Imaging Systems

Crowded frequency bands are forcing Earth to space applications to investigate frequency bands that are higher than those currently used. While natural ionosphere effects will be negligible on frequencies above 30 GHz, amplitude scintillation caused by a high altitude nuclear explosion (HANE) could degrade communication links for a period of time. Amplitude scintillation is modeled using the multiple phase screen method. The results show that for a short duration of a few minutes after a HANE that amplitude scintillation will have an impact on signal frequencies below 60 GHz.

Effects of ionospheric scintillation on V and W band signals

We show that Holevo’s inequality upper-bounds the information capacity of a volume hologram without requiring a specification of the implementation of the hologram or the measurements to be made on the field scattered by the hologram. We find that, in the weakly scattering limit, the information capacity is not determined by the number of possible configurations of the holographic medium but only by the specification of the incident fields in the medium volume, which are determined at the volume boundary. By treating a volume hologram as a quantum communication channel, we establish a correspondence between the reconstruction of a hologram with multiple incident and scattered waves and the measurement of a quantum state with an operator-valued measure. We determine a bound on the probability of communications error, which describes the degree to which the incident fields may be distinguished by measurements of the scattered waves or, in other words, the crosstalk between the incident fields.

Characterizing the information capacity of volume holograms with the Holevo bound.

We present an experimental study of a metasurface, which exhibits electric and magnetic resonances, in order to understand their independent contributions to second-harmonic generation. A hydrodynamic model framework is used to match experimental results.

David R. Smith

Papers

Plasmonic nanopatch antennas for large purcell enhancement

Dipolar Model for Metamaterial Imaging Systems

Effects of ionospheric scintillation on V and W band signals

Characterizing the information capacity of volume holograms with the Holevo bound.

Studying the interplay of electric and magnetic resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation: Theory and experiments