Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck%20reactie%20Beletskaya%20%20Chem.%20Rev.%20003009.pdf

The heck reaction as a sharpening stone of palladium catalysis.

Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001−2011) Jiang Wang,† María Sańchez-Rosello,́‡,§ Jose ́ Luis Aceña, Carlos del Pozo,‡ Alexander E. Sorochinsky, Santos Fustero,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andreś Estelleś, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain Laboratorio de Molećulas Orgańicas, Centro de Investigacioń Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yuf́era 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine

Fluorine in pharmaceutical industry: fluorine-containing drugs introduced to the market in the last decade (2001-2011).

Interest in catalysis by metal nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing dramatically, as reflected by the large number of publications in the last five years. This field, "semi-heterogeneous catalysis", is at the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and progress has been made in the efficiency and selectivity of reactions and recovery and recyclability of the catalytic materials. Usually NP catalysts are prepared from a metal salt, a reducing agent, and a stabilizer and are supported on an oxide, charcoal, or a zeolite. Besides the polymers and oxides that used to be employed as standard, innovative stabilizers, media, and supports have appeared, such as dendrimers, specific ligands, ionic liquids, surfactants, membranes, carbon nanotubes, and a variety of oxides. Ligand-free procedures have provided remarkable results with extremely low metal loading. The Review presents the recent developments and the use of NP catalysis in organic synthesis, for example, in hydrogenation and C--C coupling reactions, and the heterogeneous oxidation of CO on gold NPs.

Nanoparticles as Recyclable Catalysts: The Frontier between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Asymmetric enamine catalysis.

http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z602520_s.pdf

Rationalization and prediction of solution enantiomeric excess in ternary phase systems.

Geometric and electronic effects in the selective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes over zeolite-supported metals

Detailed mechanistic study of two reactions catalyzed by diarylprolinol ether catalysts, the conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitro-olefins and the α-chlorination of aldehydes, leads to the proposal that the stereochemical outcome in these cases is not determined by the transition state of the step in which the stereogenic center is formed from enamine attack on the electrophile but instead is correlated with the relative stability and reactivity of diastereomeric intermediates downstream in the catalytic cycle. This combination of kinetic and thermodynamic factors illustrates a remarkable Curtin–Hammett scenario that can result in either an enhancement or an erosion of the selectivity that would be predicted by the transition state for enamine attack on the electrophile. Evidence is offered to suggest that this concept may represent a general phenomenon for pyrrolidine-based catalysts lacking an acidic directing proton. Implications for catalyst and reaction design are discussed.

/pdf/curtin-hammett-paradigm-for-stereocontrol-in-organocatalysis-d2vl61c48q.pdf

Curtin–Hammett Paradigm for Stereocontrol in Organocatalysis by Diarylprolinol Ether Catalysts

Kinetic studies using reaction calorimetry were carried out under synthetically relevant conditions to study the mechanism of the amination of bromobenzene with primary and secondary amines using Pd2(dba)3/BINAP mixtures as well as preformed (dba)Pd(BINAP), (p-tolyl)(Br)Pd(BINAP), and Pd(BINAP)2 complexes. The presence of a significant induction period in the reaction was attributed to the slow activation of the catalytic precursor, resulting in an increase in the concentration of active species within the catalytic cycle. The induction period can mask the true kinetics of the reaction, which exhibits positive order dependences on aryl bromide and amine and zero-order dependence on base. It is also determined that the bis-ligand complex Pd(BINAP)2 does not play a role directly on the catalytic cycle. In addition to the conventionally accepted pathway involving oxidative addition of the aryl halide to (BINAP)Pd as the first step, a pathway initiated by addition of the amine to the catalyst is proposed and ...

Mechanistic insights into the Pd(BINAP)-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides: kinetic studies under synthetically relevant conditions.

Through a glass darkly: Several recent autocatalytic reaction models for the origin of homochirality have suggested ways in which one enantiomer of the product might be reconverted into the other by a recycling reaction in a closed system. These models are revealed to violate the principle of microscopic reversibility, a powerful tool for assessing the plausibility of proposed reaction networks even at far-from-equilibrium conditions.

Donna G. Blackmond

Papers

Rationalization and prediction of solution enantiomeric excess in ternary phase systems.

Geometric and electronic effects in the selective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes over zeolite-supported metals

Curtin–Hammett Paradigm for Stereocontrol in Organocatalysis by Diarylprolinol Ether Catalysts

Mechanistic insights into the Pd(BINAP)-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides: kinetic studies under synthetically relevant conditions.

"If pigs could fly" chemistry: a tutorial on the principle of microscopic reversibility.