I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

The objective of this study was to develop anatomically correct whole body human models of an adult male (34 years old), an adult female (26 years old) and two children (an 11-year-old girl and a six-year-old boy) for the optimized evaluation of electromagnetic exposure. These four models are referred to as the Virtual Family. They are based on high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of healthy volunteers. More than 80 different tissue types were distinguished during the segmentation. To improve the accuracy and the effectiveness of the segmentation, a novel semi-automated tool was used to analyze and segment the data. All tissues and organs were reconstructed as three-dimensional (3D) unstructured triangulated surface objects, yielding high precision images of individual features of the body. This greatly enhances the meshing flexibility and the accuracy with respect to thin tissue layers and small organs in comparison with the traditional voxel-based representation of anatomical models. Conformal computational techniques were also applied. The techniques and tools developed in this study can be used to more effectively develop future models and further improve the accuracy of the models for various applications. For research purposes, the four models are provided for free to the scientific community.

/pdf/the-virtual-family-development-of-surface-based-anatomical-47u5t3e6am.pdf

The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Since biological hazards due to RF exposure are caused mainly by a temperature rise in tissue, the localized specific absorption rate (SAR) should be related to the temperature rise in the human head for portable telephones. Although the SAR is known to be directly proportional to the antenna output power of portable telephones, the dependence of temperature rise on the antenna output power remains unclear. In this paper, the relationship between the peak temperature rise in a human head and the antenna output power is investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is found that the peak temperature rise is approximately proportional to the antenna output power below 1 W and also that the peak temperature rise in the brain can be estimated from its blood-flow and heating potential.

Dependence on antenna output power of temperature rise in human head for portable telephones

In view of the requirements for high-speed, highly reliable wireless implant communication, we have developed an implant transceiver working at a 10–60-MHz band. The developed transceiver is based on an impulse radio technology with multipulse position modulation to increase the communication speed and reliability, and utilizes the automatic equalization technique to suppress waveform distortion and intersymbol interference due to frequency-dependent tissue properties. The transmit antenna has a dimension of $2.6\,\,\text {cm} \times 1.6\,\,\text {cm} \times 1.6$ cm and a relative bandwidth of 16% by forming the radiation elements on a flexible magnetic sheet for miniaturization. Through an in vivo experiment on a living swine, we have shown the feasibility of implant communication in a depth up to 26 cm with a minimum data rate of 10 Mbps. These results demonstrate the superiority of this new technology over all others reported so far in the literature.

/pdf/development-and-in-vivo-performance-evaluation-of-10-60-mhz-2nyqg2klh2.pdf

Development and In Vivo Performance Evaluation of 10–60-MHz Band Impulse-Radio-Based Transceiver for Deep Implantation Having 10 Mbps

In this study, the authors developed an ultra-wideband (UWB) planar loop antenna for implant communication, and confirmed its usefulness by comparing its designed and measured reflection and transmission characteristics. With the planar loop antenna as the implant transmitting antenna, then they calculated the implant path loss and specific absorption rate (SAR) using the finite difference time domain method together with an anatomical human body numerical model. Moreover, through a link budget analysis based on the calculated path loss with selection diversity, they derived the transmitting power required to achieve a specific bit error rate performance, and clarified the corresponding local SAR with respect to the international safety limits. As a result, the UWB implant communication is found to be feasible at a data rate as high as 40 Mbps under the SAR safety limits.

Antenna development, link budget analysis and specific absorption rate evaluation in ultra-wideband implant communications

Ultra wideband (UWB) technology in low band is promising for implant body area network. In this paper, the performance improvement of an in-body to on-body UWB communication, which corresponds to a capsule endoscope application, is investigated. We firstly analyzed the in-body to on-body propagation characteristics and proposed a two-path impulse response channel model based on finite difference time domain numerical method (FDTD) incorporated with an anatomical human model. In view of the extracted statistical characteristics of the proposed two-path model, we then employed a spatial diversity reception technique to improve the communication performance effectively. The average bit error performance was finally investigated to clarify the diversity effect with theoretical analysis and computer simulation.

Diversity performance of UWB low band communication over in-body to on-body propagation channel

The temperature rise of the human head exposed to 1.5-GHz microwaves at the safety standard level (1 mW/cm2) in the general environment is computed by the FDTD method for a realistic adult model developed by the authors and an infant size model obtained by reducing the adult model. The temperature rise for the head in thermal equilibrium is attained from a nonuniform initial temperature distribution in the head, taking into consideration the external temperature. It is found that the peak values in all tissues are higher in the adult model than in the infant model. In the adult model, the maximum is reached in the eyeballs (0.07 °C), while in the infant model, the maximum occurs in the muscle (0.055 °C). The tissue average of the temperature rise is higher in the infant model than in the adult model except for the eyeballs. In particular, the average value (0.0058 °C) of the temperature rise in the brain tissue is lower than the peak value by almost one order of magnitude and is three times higher than the average value in the adult. The latter result is caused by the hot spot of SAR as a heat source generated inside the head. It is found that a hot spot appears in the inhomogeneous realistic head model of infant size. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(4): 57–66, 2001

Jianqing Wang

Papers

Dependence on antenna output power of temperature rise in human head for portable telephones

Development and In Vivo Performance Evaluation of 10–60-MHz Band Impulse-Radio-Based Transceiver for Deep Implantation Having 10 Mbps

Antenna development, link budget analysis and specific absorption rate evaluation in ultra-wideband implant communications

Diversity performance of UWB low band communication over in-body to on-body propagation channel

FDTD computation of temperature rise in realistic head models simulating adult and infant for 1.5-GHz microwave exposure