Underwater sensor nodes will find applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with sensors, will enable the exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area. In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the characteristics of the underwater channel are detailed. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed and a cross-layer approach to the integration of all communication functionalities is suggested. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined. � 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges

/pdf/a-break-in-the-clouds-towards-a-cloud-definition-svovsw1r5a.pdf

A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in the public and civil domains. These are particularly useful in applications, where human lives would otherwise be endangered. Multi-UAV systems can collaboratively complete missions more efficiently and economically as compared to single UAV systems. However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made to provide stable and reliable context-specific networks. Much of the work carried out in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) does not address the unique characteristics of the UAV networks. UAV networks may vary from slow dynamic to dynamic and have intermittent links and fluid topology. While it is believed that ad hoc mesh network would be most suitable for UAV networks yet the architecture of multi-UAV networks has been an understudied area. Software defined networking (SDN) could facilitate flexible deployment and management of new services and help reduce cost, increase security and availability in networks. Routing demands of UAV networks go beyond the needs of MANETS and VANETS. Protocols are required that would adapt to high mobility, dynamic topology, intermittent links, power constraints, and changing link quality. UAVs may fail and the network may get partitioned making delay and disruption tolerance an important design consideration. Limited life of the node and dynamicity of the network lead to the requirement of seamless handovers, where researchers are looking at the work done in the areas of MANETs and VANETs, but the jury is still out. As energy supply on UAVs is limited, protocols in various layers should contribute toward greening of the network. This paper surveys the work done toward all of these outstanding issues, relating to this new class of networks, so as to spur further research in these areas.

Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks

Recent developments and technological advancements in wireless communication, MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology and integrated circuits has enabled low-power, intelligent, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive micro and nano-technology sensor nodes strategically placed in or around the human body to be used in various applications, such as personal health monitoring. This exciting new area of research is called Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and leverages the emerging IEEE 802.15.6 and IEEE 802.15.4j standards, specifically standardized for medical WBANs. The aim of WBANs is to simplify and improve speed, accuracy, and reliability of communication of sensors/actuators within, on, and in the immediate proximity of a human body. The vast scope of challenges associated with WBANs has led to numerous publications. In this paper, we survey the current state-of-art of WBANs based on the latest standards and publications. Open issues and challenges within each area are also explored as a source of inspiration towards future developments in WBANs.

Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey

Space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN), as an integration of satellite systems, aerial networks, and terrestrial communications, has been becoming an emerging architecture and attracted intensive research interest during the past years. Besides bringing significant benefits for various practical services and applications, SAGIN is also facing many unprecedented challenges due to its specific characteristics, such as heterogeneity, self-organization, and time-variability. Compared to traditional ground or satellite networks, SAGIN is affected by the limited and unbalanced network resources in all three network segments, so that it is difficult to obtain the best performances for traffic delivery. Therefore, the system integration, protocol optimization, resource management, and allocation in SAGIN is of great significance. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to present the state-of-the-art of the SAGIN since existing survey papers focused on either only one single network segment in space or air, or the integration of space-ground, neglecting the integration of all the three network segments. In light of this, we present in this paper a comprehensive review of recent research works concerning SAGIN from network design and resource allocation to performance analysis and optimization. After discussing several existing network architectures, we also point out some technology challenges and future directions.

Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network: A Survey

The 1990s have seen a rapid growth in research interests in Mobile A d hoc Networking. The infrastructureless and the dynamic nature of these networks demand new set of networking strategies to be implemented in order to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen M A N E T s being researched by many different organisations and institutes. M A N E T s employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resource in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model requires redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in a M A N E T . One interesting research area in M A N E T is routing. Routing in the M A N E T s is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researches. This has led to development of many different routing protocols for M A N E T s , and each author for each protocol proposed argues that their strategy provides an improvement over a number of different strategies in the literature for a given network scenario. Therefore, it is quite difficult to determine which protocols may perform best under a number of different network scenarios, such as large node density and traffic. In this thesis we investigate the scalability of the current routing protocols designed for M A N E T s and propose a number of different routing strategies to provide higher levels of scalability. The proposed strategies use the services provided by a Global Positioning System (GPS) to achieve their objectives. Our study begins by describing the research question for this thesis and provide a theoretical performance comparison between a number of different types of solutions

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2958&context=theses

Scalable routing strategies for mobile ad hoc networks

Energy scavenging for magnetically coupled communication devices

—In this paper we present a simulation study of a hy-brid routing protocol we proposed in our previous work [3][4]Our hybrid routing strategy is called Dynamic Zone TopologyRouting protocol (DZTR) This protocol has been designed to pro-vide scalable routing in a Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET)environment DZTR breaks the network into a number of zonesby using a GPS The topology of each zone is maintained proac-tively and the route to the nodes in other zones are determined re-actively DZTRproposesa numberofdifferentstrategies to reducerouting overhead in large networks and reduce the single point offailure during data forwarding In this paper, we propose a num-ber of improvements for DZTR and investigate its performanceusing simulations We compare the performance of DZTR againstAODV, LAR1 and LPAR Our results show that DZTR has fewerrouting overheads than the other simulated routing protocols andachieves higher levels of scalability as the size and the density ofthe network is increased

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A Performance Study of Dynamic Zone Topology Routing Protocol

Most of the existing science and technology parks resort to various conventional ways to attract different stakeholders to the park. Some of these traditional measures include business support, workspaces, laboratories, networking events, accommodation, and essential commodities. Besides, with rampantly changing multidisciplinary technologies and increased data-oriented business models, the classic science and technology park value-creation strategies may not be instrumental in the near future. Hence, we foresee that future science and a technology parks should be fully integrated, sustainable, and innovative living science cities. Where park tenants can actively interact and contribute to emerging technologies. Therefore, this paper carries out an in-depth study of world s best practices in smart cities and science and technology parks, their characteristics, and value-added contributions that excite the prospective tenants. Developing on the detailed survey, we propose a unique feature of Autonomous Systems as a Service to bestow a futuristic look to the science and technology parks. It is envisaged that autonomous systems will not only provide value-added services to the park tenants but will also provide an infrastructure for testing new technologies within park premises. Furthermore, this study evaluates security and privacy challenges associated with autonomous systems and data-oriented services and recommends appropriate security measures. The role of universities in the success of a science and technology park is also delineated. Finally, the components deemed essential for the attainment of science and technology parks objectives are highlighted.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09737029.pdf

Science and Technology Parks: A Futuristic Approach

The CORNER propagation model, first proposed in 2010, has been previously validated and found to be a reasonably accurate representation of propagation scenarios in urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). This paper considers the impact of the propagation environment on routing performance and reveals a pressing need to consider more accurate propagation models when designing urban VANET routing protocols. A greedy routing protocol, which uses CORNER's propagation estimates for neighbour selection, is then presented. The new protocol, named Corner Propagation Stateless Routing (CPSR) is compared to GPSR, a benchmark protocol for VANETs, showing between 87% and 300% improvement in packet delivery ratio at higher network loads.

Mehran Abolhasan

Papers

Scalable routing strategies for mobile ad hoc networks

Energy scavenging for magnetically coupled communication devices

A Performance Study of Dynamic Zone Topology Routing Protocol

Science and Technology Parks: A Futuristic Approach

Leveraging the Propagation Model to Make Greedy Routing Decisions in Urban Environments