Part One: The Context Of Educational Research Part Two: Planning Educational Research Part Three: Styles Of Educational Research Part Four: Strategies And Instruments For Data Collection And Researching Part Five: Data Analysis

Research Methods in Education

Similarity breeds connection. This principle—the homophily principle—structures network ties of every type, including marriage, friendship, work, advice, support, information transfer, exchange, comembership, and other types of relationship. The result is that people's personal networks are homogeneous with regard to many sociodemographic, behavioral, and intrapersonal characteristics. Homophily limits people's social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience. Homophily in race and ethnicity creates the strongest divides in our personal environments, with age, religion, education, occupation, and gender following in roughly that order. Geographic propinquity, families, organizations, and isomorphic positions in social systems all create contexts in which homophilous relations form. Ties between nonsimilar individuals also dissolve at a higher rate, which sets the stage for the formation of niches (localize...

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Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks

Examines whether the positive association between social support and well-being is attributable more to an overall beneficial effect of support (main- or direct-effect model) or to a process of support protecting persons from potentially adverse effects of stressful events (buffering model). The review of studies is organized according to (1) whether a measure assesses support structure (the existence of relationships) or function (the extent to which one's interpersonal relationships provide particular resources) and (2) the degree of specificity (vs globality) of the scale. Special attention is given to methodological characteristics that are requisite for a fair comparison of the models. It is concluded that there is evidence consistent with both models. Evidence for the buffering model is found when the social support measure assesses the perceived availability of interpersonal resources that are responsive to the needs elicited by stressful events. Evidence for a main effect model is found when the support measure assesses a person's degree of integration in a large social network. Both conceptualizations of social support are correct in some respects, but each represents a different process through which social support may affect well-being. Implications for theories of social support processes and for the design of preventive interventions are discussed.

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Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.

This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations. I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may j...

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Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

/pdf/increasing-burden-of-prior-authorizations-in-the-delivery-of-3phm4pj4c4.pdf

Increasing Burden of Prior Authorizations in the Delivery of Oncology Care in the United States

Part 1: Advances on Theory and Methods of Social Capital 1. Position Generators, Affiliations, and the Institutional Logics of Social Capital: A Study of Taiwan Firms and Individuals Ray-May Hsung and Ronald L. Breiger 2. Changing Places: The Influence of Meeting Places on Recruiting Friends Beate Volker, Henk Flap and Gerald Mollenhors 3. Does the Golden Rule Rule? Rochelle R. Cote, Gabriele Plickert and Barry Wellman 4. Making Democracy Work via the Functioning of Heterogeneous Personal Networks: An Empirical Analysis based on a Japanese Election Study Ken'ichi Ikeda and Tetsuro Kobayashi Part 2: Markets And Social Capital 5. The Context Challenge: Generalizing Social Capital Processes Across Two Different Settings Bonnie H. Erickson 6. The Transaction Cost: Embeddedness Approach to Studying Chinese Outsourcing Jar-Der Luo and Yung-Chu Yeh 7. Constructed Network as Social Capital: The Transformation Of Taiwan's Small And Medium Enterprise Organization Chieh-Hsuan Chen Part 3: Social Capital in Communities 8. Production And Returns Of Social Capital: Evidence From Urban China Nan Lin, Dan Ao And Lijun Song 9. The Distribution and Return of Social Capital in Taiwan Chih-Jou Jay Chen 10. Social Capital in Communities, Development and Integration: The Four-Village Case Study in Hungary, 2000 Robert Tardos 11. Distinctiveness and Disadvantage among the Urban Poor: Is Low Network Capital Really the Problem Jeanne S. Hurlbert, John J. Beggs and Valerie A. Haines Part 4: Families and Social Capital 12. Parental Closure Effects on Learning: Coleman's Theory of Social Capital on Learning Revisited Ly-Yun Chang 13. Childcare Networks and Embedded Experiences Joseph Galaskiewicz, Beth M. Duckles and Olga Mayorova 14. The Immediate Returns on Time Investment in Daily Contacts: Exploring the Network-Overlapping Effects from Contact Diaries Yang-Chih Fu

Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Markets, Communities and Families.

PURPOSE To provide updated evidence- and consensus-based guideline recommendations to practicing oncologists and others on the management of brain metastases for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive advanced breast cancer up to 2021. METHODS An Expert Panel conducted a targeted systematic literature review (for both systemic therapy for non-CNS metastases and for CNS metastases of HER2+ guideline updates) that identified 545 articles. Outcomes of interest included overall survival, progression-free survival, and adverse events. RESULTS Of the 545 publications identified and reviewed, six on systemic therapy were identified to form the evidentiary basis for the systemic therapy for CNS metastases guideline recommendations. RECOMMENDATIONS Patients with brain metastases should receive appropriate local therapy and systemic therapy, if indicated. Local therapies include surgery, whole-brain radiotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Memantine and hippocampal avoidance should be added to whole-brain radiotherapy when possible. Treatments depend on factors such as patient prognosis, presence of symptoms, resectability, number and size of metastases, prior therapy, and whether metastases are diffuse. Other options include systemic therapy, best supportive care, enrollment onto a clinical trial, and/or palliative care. There are insufficient data to recommend for or against performing routine magnetic resonance imaging to screen for brain metastases; clinicians should have a low threshold for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain because of the high incidence of brain metastases among patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/breast-cancer-guidelines.

Management of Advanced Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer and Brain Metastases: ASCO Guideline Update

16 – Buffering the Impact of the Most Important Life Event

Fire forecasts that predict dry‐season fire activities several months in advance are beneficial for fire management. On a global scale, however, the predictability of fires is limited because fires depend on multiple factors and lack a single dominant predictor to describe diverse fire characteristics across regions. Here, based on 33 local meteorological parameters (MPs) and 37 large‐scale climate indices (CIs), we establish four empirical model clusters to predict global interannual fire variability. We show that across various geographic locations, the models provide reliable fire forecasts at least three months prior to the peak fire months. Compared to MPs, CIs such as the Oceanic Niño Index are comparable or even superior predictors. Globally, as well as in most continents, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation is the major driving force, explaining 17% of interannual fire variability, with strong implications for fire carbon emissions and the global carbon cycle. Other important predictors include the Northern Atlantic sea surface temperature (9%), the Southern Atlantic sea surface temperature (5%), and the Pacific/North American Pattern (3%). The predictive models reveal a strong interaction between MPs and CIs, indicating potential climate‐induced modification of fire responses to meteorological conditions. We show that the newly developed predictive models can benefit future fire management in response to climate change. Plain Language Summary Integration of climate indices andmeteorological parameters enables more accurate fire forecasts globally with a longer forecast length.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2019GB006180

Nan Lin

Papers

Increasing Burden of Prior Authorizations in the Delivery of Oncology Care in the United States

Contexts of Social Capital: Social Networks in Markets, Communities and Families.

Management of Advanced Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer and Brain Metastases: ASCO Guideline Update

16 – Buffering the Impact of the Most Important Life Event

Global Fire Forecasts Using Both Large-Scale Climate Indices and Local Meteorological Parameters