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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Tables of integrals

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications.

The advent of negative index materials has spawned extensive research into metamaterials over the past decade. Metamaterials are attractive not only for their exotic electromagnetic properties, but also their promise for applications. A particular branch–the metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA)–has garnered interest due to the fact that it can achieve unity absorptivity of electromagnetic waves. Since its first experimental demonstration in 2008, the MPA has progressed significantly with designs shown across the electromagnetic spectrum, from microwave to optical. In this Progress Report we give an overview of the field and discuss a selection of examples and related applications. The ability of the MPA to exhibit extreme performance flexibility will be discussed and the theory underlying their operation and limitations will be established. Insight is given into what we can expect from this rapidly expanding field and future challenges will be addressed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201200674

Metamaterial Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response, mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

Based on the concept of complementary medium, a method which can make the conventional cylindrical cloak with axial symmetrical cloaked region to be not blind by filling the isotropic complementary in inner cloaked region is proposed. Firstly, the perfect electric conductor cylindrical shell was removed. Secondly, the symmetrical cloaked region was separated into two symmetrical regions along the symmetry axis and filled with isotropic complementary medium according to folding transformation. Full wave simulations are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the converted cloak not only can exchange information with the outside, but also its presence cannot be detected.

Complementary cloak based on conventional cloak with axial symmetrical cloaked region

Through introducing Koch fractal theory, an ordinary AMC structure and broadband Koch fractal AMC ground planes are designed and compared. The bandwidth and performance improvement of the fractal AMC ground plane are taken into consideration to acquire the low-profile antenna system at the frequency band from 40MHz to 70MHz. This research establishes the theoretical foundation for further experimental study.

A broadband fractal AMC ground plane for low-profile antennas

Metasurfaces enable a new degree of controlling electromagnetic (EM) wave by modulating subwavelength artificial structures. In this article, a reflection-type metasurface based on the modified Pancharatnam–Berry (P-B) phase elements is proposed to manipulate the reflected EM wave under oblique incidence. Based on the modified P-B phase, the desired linear phase gradient along the x-axis can be achieved at the interface of the metasurface by adjusting the rotation angle of the unit cells. When a circularly polarized EM wave illuminates on the metasurface obliquely, the anomalous reflected wave can be observed in a broad bandwidth with high efficiency, and the reflection angle can be predicted by the generalized snell’s law. Two metasurfaces with different phase gradients are designed in this article. The simulated results agree well with the theoretical designs, showing outstanding ability to manipulate the propagation of the EM wave. With specific phase gradient of the proposed metasurface, the anomalous reflected wave can be bent to the same side of the normal with the incident wave, which means that negative reflection effect can be achieved. Our design provides a solution to manipulate reflected beam under oblique incidence with high conversion efficiency, which has great practical applications in medical imaging, communication technology, and energy harvesting.

Metasurface for Bending the Reflected Wave Under Oblique Incidence

A balanced composite backward and forward waveguide is presented by using modified split ring resonators. The forbidden band between the forward and backward guided mode is eliminated. Acoaxial feed method is proposed to excite both the forward and backward guided modes. The passband of the proposed structure ranges from 4.28GHz to 6.83GHz, below the cutoff frequency of the fundamental mode of the hollow waveguide (∼15 GHz). Physical size of the waveguide has been dramatically decreased.

A balanced composite backward and forward compact waveguide based on resonant metamaterials

In this paper, broadband transmission characteristics of waves in a left-handed miniaturised rectangular waveguide (LHMRW) loaded with improved split ring resonators (ISRRs), which shows that the bandwidth of negative permeability is up to 5.6 GHz by an optimization design, are investigated. Some unexpected phenomena such as the discontinuous left-handed passband below the cutoff frequency of the dominant TE mode, which cannot be transformed into a continuous one by any impedance matching approach, are observed. The EM field distributions in the LHMRW are calculated so as to explain these phenomena. Results show that the LHMRW can be considered as an open ended resonant cavity instead of a normal transmission structure. In addition, the backward wave inside the time domain in the LHMRW is directly observed.

Qun Wu

Papers

Complementary cloak based on conventional cloak with axial symmetrical cloaked region

A broadband fractal AMC ground plane for low-profile antennas

Metasurface for Bending the Reflected Wave Under Oblique Incidence

A balanced composite backward and forward compact waveguide based on resonant metamaterials

Broadband characteristics investigation of waves in a left-handed miniaturized waveguide loaded with ISRRs