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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Tables of integrals

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications.

The advent of negative index materials has spawned extensive research into metamaterials over the past decade. Metamaterials are attractive not only for their exotic electromagnetic properties, but also their promise for applications. A particular branch–the metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA)–has garnered interest due to the fact that it can achieve unity absorptivity of electromagnetic waves. Since its first experimental demonstration in 2008, the MPA has progressed significantly with designs shown across the electromagnetic spectrum, from microwave to optical. In this Progress Report we give an overview of the field and discuss a selection of examples and related applications. The ability of the MPA to exhibit extreme performance flexibility will be discussed and the theory underlying their operation and limitations will be established. Insight is given into what we can expect from this rapidly expanding field and future challenges will be addressed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201200674

Metamaterial Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response, mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

An ultrathin flat metasurface experimentally realizing bi-functional microwave manipulation has been demonstrated to be able to approach the theoretical limit of cross-polarization (cross-pol) conversion efficiency of the transmission. With the excitation of a localized waveguide mode, an abrupt helicity-dependent phase change is introduced to the transmission and can be engineered by assembling the spatial orientation of each Pancharatnam-Berry phase element. By realizing a constant phase gradient, an anomalous refraction is unanimously demonstrated under circular polarized incident wave. Besides, due to the helicity-dependent phase modification, we also demonstrate an ultra-thin metalens with bi-functionality. By controlling the handedness of the incident wave, converging and diverging functions are interchangeable with the same flat lens. The proposed metalens has only one single layer as thin as 0.001λ, which massively reduces the thickness of the microwave lens along the wave propagation direction. With the great improvements in efficiency and thickness reduction, our design provides a promising approach to miniaturize, planarize and integrate multiple microwave components.

Ultrathin metasurface based on phase discontinuity with maximal cross-polarization efficiency

Abstract In the advanced spent fuel cycle, the control and adjustment of neptunium valence state is greatly important for the highly efficient separation of neptunium. Hydrazine and its derivatives as salt-free reagents can selectively reduce Np(VI) to Np(V), but their reduction mechanisms are still unclear. We explored the reduction of [NpVIO2(H2O)2(NO3)2] by N2H4 and its two derivatives HOC2H4N2H3 and CHON2H3 using scalar relativistic density functional theory. The thermodynamic energy of the reactions [NpVIO2(H2O)2(NO3)2] with three reductants are sensitive to the substitution group, HOC2H4N2H3 enhances thermodynamic ability of the reaction and CHON2H3 shows contrary result. Both HOC2H4N2H3 and CHON2H3 have lower energy barrier compared to N2H4 based on the potential energy profiles (PEPs), which probably attributes to the intramolecular hydrogen bond of hydrazine derivatives. The nature of these redox reactions is that the hydrogen atom of reductants is gradually transferred to the axis oxygen atom of neptunyl, which accompanies the N–H bond dissociation and Oax–H bond formation. The reduction of Np(VI) with HOC2H4N2H3 is the most favorable reaction based on the thermodynamic and kinetic results. This work provides theoretical perspective into the reduction of Np(VI) to Np(V), which is beneficial to the development of more effective free-salt reductants for the separation of neptunium from uranium and plutonium in spent fuel reprocessing.

Theoretical insights into the reduction mechanism of neptunyl nitrate by hydrazine derivatives

In this paper, single resonant fre- quency structure consisting of a circular spi- ral inductor loaded by a cylindrical rod and double resonant frequency structure consist- ing of a circular spiral inductor loaded by a cylindrical rod coupled with two rectan- gular split ring resonators are newly pro- posed to achieve double negative metama- terials (DNM) properties. Arrays of such el- ements are then synthesized periodically to realize the 2-D isotropic left-handed meta- materials that exhibit properties of both negative permittivity and permeability. Two techniques are employed in the design proce- dure, namely, the transmission line method and the full wave method of Ansoft's HFSS software package. The former is used to characterize the design parameters while the later is utilized to valid the DNM properties of the left-handed metamaterials (LHM). It is demonstrated both theoretically and nu- merically in characterization that the syn- thesized metamaterials exhibit double nega- tive properties.

/pdf/design-of-left-handed-metamaterials-using-single-resonant-1bcsi817l2.pdf

Design of Left-Handed Metamaterials Using Single Resonant and Double Resonant Structures

In this paper, a novel method for analyzing the switching time of the electrostatic driven RF MEMS capacitive switches is presented. The effects of the structure parameters which mainly include the width, length and thickness and stress for capacitive switches MEMS bridge on time response are investigated using the SYNPLE module of IntelliSuitetrade tool. The result shows that the width of MEMS bridge and the stress in bridge indistinctively affect on time response, while the length and thickness of MEME bridge distinctively effect on time response.

Effects of Structure Parameters and Stress for Capacitive Switches MEMS Bridge on Time Response

Self- and near-singularities have been an important issue in evaluating and filling matrix elements in the method of moments (MoM) procedure for solving integral equations. In this paper, the combined field integral equation (CFIE) is employed to solve the electromagnetic (EM) scattering problem from conductive objects and a general deductive method for extracting the self- and near-singularities of integral kernels is presented. Moreover, a new set of analytical expressions for the singular terms in the Green's function and its gradient is obtained on parametric surface by using the singularity extraction procedure. Finally, some numerical results are carried out based on the rooftop basis functions, to validate the obtained results and to demonstrate further the accuracy of these expressions in terms of regularizing self- and near-singularities in the integral kernels.

Qun Wu

Papers

Ultrathin metasurface based on phase discontinuity with maximal cross-polarization efficiency

Theoretical insights into the reduction mechanism of neptunyl nitrate by hydrazine derivatives

Design of Left-Handed Metamaterials Using Single Resonant and Double Resonant Structures

Effects of Structure Parameters and Stress for Capacitive Switches MEMS Bridge on Time Response

Regularization of the Combined Field Integral Equation on Parametric Surface for EM Scattering Problems