Showing papers by "American Cancer Society published in 1994"
1,315 citations
TL;DR: Kidney stone prevalence increased with age until age 70, then declined and was higher in men than women and in whites than blacks, and among Hispanic and Asian men was intermediate between that of whites and blacks.
280 citations
TL;DR: An experimental model in which human splenocytes from cadaveric organ donors were inoculated into severe combined immunodeficient mice to test the activating and immunosuppressive properties of these anti-human CD3 mAbs in vivo suggests the use of an Fc variant in clinical transplantation should result in fewer side effects than observed with OKT3, while maintaining its clinical efficacy.
Abstract: OKT3, a mouse anti-human CD3 mAb, is a potent immunosuppressive agent used in clinical transplantation to prevent or treat allograft rejection. Associated with this therapy is the systemic release of several cytokines that result in a series of adverse side effects. This release of cytokines is dependent on the cross-linking mediated by OKT3 between T cells and the Fc gamma R-bearing cells. To generate an anti-human CD3 mAb with reduced activating properties as compared with OKT3, we have transferred the complementary determining regions of OKT3 onto human IgG frameworks and then performed point mutations that reduce the affinity of the "humanized" anti-CD3 mAbs for Fc gamma Rs. Initial, in vitro, studies showed that whereas OKT3 and the parental humanized anti-CD3 mAbs activated T cells similarly, a humanized Fc variant failed to do so. Both the Fc variant and the activating anti-CD3 mAbs induced comparable modulation of the TCR and suppression of cytolytic T cell activity, in vitro. In the current study, we exploited an experimental model in which human splenocytes from cadaveric organ donors were inoculated into severe combined immunodeficient mice (hu-SPL-SCID mice) to test the activating and immunosuppressive properties of these anti-human CD3 mAbs in vivo. Unlike injection of OKT3 or of the parental humanized mAb, administration of the Fc variant did not result in T cell activation in vivo, as evidenced by the lack of induction of surface markers of activation, and of systemic human cytokines, including IL-2. Importantly, similar prolongation of human allograft survival was achieved with all anti-CD3 mAbs, indicating that the nonactivating anti-CD3 mAbs retained significant immunosuppressive properties in vivo. Thus, the use of an Fc variant in clinical transplantation should result in fewer side effects than observed with OKT3, while maintaining its clinical efficacy.
233 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from provisional breast cancer monthly mortality data suggests that there was a 3–6% drop in 1991 compared to 1990, and increases in localized and small‐size tumors and decreases in the rate of tumors of 3 cm or larger at diagnosis indicates that breast cancer mortality may start to decrease.
Abstract: The incidence of breast cancer rose about 1% per year between 1940 and 1980 according to data in the Connecticut Tumor Registry. A sharp increase of 32% was reported between 1980 and 1987 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute. Data from this program shows that the increase in incidence was due to localized cases and cancers of less than 2 cm in greatest dimension. In addition, a sharp increase in carcinoma in situ was observed. The increase in breast cancer incidence coincides with an increased use of mammography in asymptomatic women in the 1980s. Mortality from breast cancer has changed little since the 1930s, but the increases in localized and small-size tumors and decreases in the rate of tumors of 3 cm or larger at diagnosis indicates that breast cancer mortality may start to decrease. Evidence from provisional breast cancer monthly mortality data suggests that there was a 3–6% drop in 1991 compared to 1990.
164 citations
TL;DR: The authors hypothesize that these results may be due to either a poorer prognosis among breast cancer cases who smoke or a delayed diagnosis among current smokers who do not receive mammograms as often as never or former smokers.
Abstract: The authors examined the association of fatal breast cancer and cigarette smoking in a large, prospective mortality study of US adults. After 6 years of follow-up, 880 cases of fatal breast cancer were observed in a cohort of 604,412 women who were cancer-free at interview in 1982. Cox proportional hazards modeling, adjusted for other risk factors, found that current smoking was significantly related to fatal breast cancer risk (adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.50). A negative association was observed for former smokers, but this was not statistically significant (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.70-1.03). The association of current smoking with fatal breast cancer risk increased with increasing numbers of cigarettes per day and with total number of years smoked. For smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, the rate ratio was 1.74 (95% CI 1.15-2.62). The authors hypothesize that these results may be due to either a poorer prognosis among breast cancer cases who smoke or a delayed diagnosis among current smokers who do not receive mammograms as often as never or former smokers. Women who smoke should be targeted for breast cancer screening services.
117 citations
TL;DR: Mechanistic investigations of the reactions indicate that the glycosyl phosphite is activated by either TfOH or TMSOTf, depending on how the substrates are mixed.
Abstract: The glycosylation reactions with glycosyl phosphites in the presence of catalytic amounts of TMSOTf at low temperature have been studied with different donors and acceptors for the synthesis of several glycosides, including O-glycosides, S-glycosides, C-glycosides, and glycopeptides. Mechanistic investigations of the reactions indicate that the glycosyl phosphite is activated by either TfOH or TMSOTf, depending on how the substrates are mixed. When the acceptor is treated with TMSOTf first, the glycosyl phosphite is activated by the resulting TfOH. The glycosyl phosphite can also be activated by TMSOTf directly. The best result is, however, to mix the acceptor and TMSOTf first, followed by addition of the glycosyl phosphite
113 citations
TL;DR: Women using permanent hair dyes are not generally at increased risk of fatal cancer, and the removal of carcinogens from hair dye and appropriate labeling of hair-coloring products would help reduce this potential risk.
Abstract: Background Permanent hair dyes are used by about one third of adult American women. Several epidemiologic studies associate hair dye use with increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. In one study, risk increased with more prolonged exposure to darker, more concentrated, permanent dyes. Purpose The purpose of our study was to examine the relationship between hair dye use and development of certain cancers associated with hair dye use in previous studies. Methods We examined prospectively the relationship between the use of permanent hair dyes and selected fatal cancers in 573,369 women. The participants provided information in 1982 on the frequency and duration of hair dye use and the color of hair dye used. Death rates were measured through 1989. Relative risks (RRs) were computed with subjects who had not used hair dyes serving as the referent group, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on the basis of approximate-variance formulas. Results Women who had ever used permanent hair dyes showed decreased risk of all fatal cancers combined (RR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89-0.98) and of urinary system cancers (RR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.49-0.87) and no increase in risk of any type of hematopoietic cancer. Women who had used black hair dyes for 20 years (0.6% of women hair dyers) or more had increased risk of fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 4.37; 95% CI = 1.3-15.2) and multiple myeloma (RR = 4.39; 95% CI = 1.1-18.3). These positive findings are based on three cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and two cases of multiple myeloma. We found no relationship between use of permanent hair dyes and fatal cancers of the mouth, breast, lung, bladder, or cervix, areas that were of interest as the result of earlier studies. Conclusions Women using permanent hair dyes are not generally at increased risk of fatal cancer. Women with prolonged use of dark, particularly black, hair dyes may have increased risk of fatal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma, but these women are a small fraction of hair dye users. Nonetheless, the removal of carcinogens from hair dyes and appropriate labeling of hair-coloring products would help reduce this potential risk.
113 citations
TL;DR: These experimental studies proved conclusively that NSAIDs prevent or inhibit colon cancer in rats, even when treatment was begun weeks after exposure to the chemical initiator when microscopic tumors were already present.
Abstract: The possibility that aspirin and related nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs might inhibit certain cancers first arose in the late 1970's when higher concentrations of several prostaglandins, particularly PGE 2, were observed in human tumors of the colon, lung, and breast than in surrounding normal tissue [1-7]. Venous blood draining from these tumors contained higher concentrations of prostaglandins when the tumors were large and/or invasive [7], suggesting that prostaglandins produced by the tumors might promote the growth or spread of the cancer. Beginning in the late 1970s, a series of over twenty experiments in rodents consistently revealed that indomethacin, piroxicam, sulindac, and other aspirin-like NSAIDs inhibit chemically induced adenomas and early carcinomas of the rodent colon [828]. These studies generally involved high doses of NSAIDs other than aspirin, although aspirin caused similar inhibition [29]. NSAIDs reduced the incidence (percent of animals with tumors), multiplicity (number of tumors per animal), and size of chemically induced cancers, even when treatment was begun weeks after exposure to the chemical initiator when microscopic tumors were already present [11-15, 29]. The mechanism of this reversible, apparently antipromotional effect was not defined but could reflect inhibition of cyclooxygenase mediated prostaglandin synthesis. These experimental studies proved conclusively that NSAIDs prevent or inhibit colon cancer in rodents. The model of chemically induced colon cancer in rats has many similarities to human colon cancer although lower propensity to metastasize [30].
82 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the occurrence or progression of colorectal cancers and polyps and perhaps of other gastrointestinal tumors.
Abstract: Background. Since the 1970s, work in several disciplines (toxicology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, epidemiology) increasingly has suggosted that aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the occurrence or progression of colorectal cancers and polyps and perhaps of other gastrointestinal tumors. The potential application of these findings for chemoprevention of such cancers in man now deserves serious consideration.
Methods. An interdisciplinary workshop was held by the American Cancer Society in March 1994 to review the current knowledge of NSAIDs and cancer and to seek a consensus on future research directions, particularly concerning the possibility of randomized prevention trials in human populations.
Results. A wide-ranging review was conducted of past and current research regarding (1) NSAIDs' effects in experimental animal cancer models; (2) clinic experience in NSAID treatment, particularly in familial polyposis; (3) pharmacologic studies regarding the enzymatic and metabolic actions of NSAIDs; and (4) epidemiologic observations on the relationship of aspirin/NSAID usage to colorectal cancer occurrence in human populations.
Conclusions. Combined evidence from different research disciplines strongly supports the notion that aspirin and other NSAIDs act to prevent the development or progression of certain human gastrointestinal cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Consequently, the workshop recommended that randomized prevention trials be undertaken. For various logistic reasons, such trials probably should focus on NSAID effects on the occurrence and progression of colorectal polyps rather than on carcinoma itself, Continued research also is needed to clarify further the pharmacologic, clinical, and epidemiologic nature of NSAIDs' influences on human carcinogenesis.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this well‐defined population, maternal epilepsy and its treatment account for a small proportion of nonsyndromic oral clefts, and the use of polytherapy was associated with the highest risk.
Abstract: The associations between maternal epilepsy and anticonvulsant drug therapy with the risk of oral clefts in the offspring were investigated using data from a population-based case-control study. Cases included 238 infants with cleft lip +/- cleft palate (CLP) and 107 infants with cleft palate (CP) ascertained through the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) between 1968 and 1980. Controls included 3029 population-based normal infants. Histories of maternal epilepsy and drug therapy during pregnancy were compared between cases and controls using maternal interviews and reviews of hospital medical records. Maternal epilepsy was associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CLP (OR = 3.78, 95% C.I. 1.65-7.88), and less with CP (OR = 1.75, 95% C.I. 0.20-6.99). Therapy during pregnancy was associated with the greatest excess risk (CLP OR = 7.77, C.I. 2.02-26.0; CP OR = 3.61, C.I. 0.08-26.5). The use of polytherapy was associated with the highest risk (CLP OR = 10.5, C.I. 1.52-59.9). Adjustment for potential confounding variables in the study did not change these findings. In this well-defined population, maternal epilepsy and its treatment account for a small proportion of nonsyndromic oral clefts (attributable fraction CLP = 3.3%, CP = 0.9%).
58 citations
TL;DR: The amount of tobacco money received was the variable most strongly and consistently associated with a lack of support for tobacco control legislation, even when it was controlled for additional factors such as district location and party.
Abstract: Objective. —To evaluate the influence of tobacco industry campaign donations, district location, and political party affiliation on tobacco control legislation among members of the US Congress. Design. —Data were obtained from the Federal Election Commission on money contributed by the 10 leading tobacco political action committees and by tobacco industry—aligned individuals to members of the US House of Representatives (1991-1992) and Senate (1987-1992). Logistic regression analyses were performed using recorded votes and cosponsorship activities concerning tobacco control legislation during the 102nd and 103rd Congresses and membership on the House Congressional Task Force on Tobacco and Health as the dependent variables and tobacco money received, party, district location, and caucus or committee membership as the independent variables. Setting. —United States Congress in 1991 and 1992. Interventions. —None. Main Outcome Measure. —Support for federal tobacco control legislation. Results. —The tobacco industry donated approximately $2.4 million to members of Congress from January 1991 through December 1992. House members received an average of $2943 (1991-1992) and senators received an average of $11 593 (1987-1992). The more tobacco money a member received, the less likely the member was to support tobacco control legislation. In the Senate, on a vote to end the taxpayer subsidy of tobacco products in military stores, the odds ratio that senators in the top quartile of tobacco money recipients did not support the measure vs senators in the lowest quartile of tobacco money recipients was 42.2 (95% confidence interval, 4.1 to 430.0;P Conclusion. —Tobacco industry contributions to members of the US Congress strongly influence the federal tobacco policy process. Unless this influence is diminished through a combination of members refusing tobacco money and campaign finance reform, this process of contributing to death by thwarting tobacco control will continue to claim hundreds of thousands of lives a year. (JAMA. 1994;272:1171-1175)
TL;DR: The process and some of the evidence the American Cancer Society has relied upon in reaffirming its recommended guidelines for early breast cancer detection are reviewed.
Abstract: Over the past year, the National Cancer Institute has altered its guidelines for early breast cancer screening by omitting any recommendation for mammography and clinical breast examination for women aged 40 to 49 years, while the American Cancer Society has reaffirmed its recommendation for these screening procedures in this age group. This article reviews the process and some of the evidence the American Cancer Society has relied upon in reaffirming its recommended guidelines for early breast cancer detection.
TL;DR: It is concluded that a telephone intervention strategy of personal contacts between acquainted women can significantly increase mammography use, particularly among women with low-to-moderate income.
TL;DR: It is reported that YK-M2 and ML-2 cells are sensitive to the antiproliferative and antiviral effects of IFN alpha 2, indicating that phosphorylation of the alpha subunit is not necessary to elicit an IFNalpha response and that expression of variant receptors is not a source ofIFN alpha resistance.
01 Jul 1994
TL;DR: Increased use and improved techniques of cancer detection for prostate, breast and colorectal cancers are resulting in larger numbers of these cancers being detected at early stages when they are more readily treatable.
Abstract: Cancer mortality rates in the United States have stabilized in the past few years after rising for more than 50 years. Incidence and mortality rates for all cancers tend to be higher among men than women, among blacks than whites and among those over age 65. In 1994 cancer of the lung, prostate, breast, and colon/rectum (colorectal) will account for an estimated 57 percent of all new cancer cases and 55 percent of cancer deaths. Analysis of incidence, mortality and survival rates of these four major cancers indicate some encouraging trends. That is, even though age-adjusted incidence rates continue to increase, it appears that educational and screening efforts are having a positive influence on mortality rates. Lung cancer incidence has declined in recent years following a decrease in smoking among men that began some 20 years ago; evidence also indicates a start of a declining trend in their mortality from this disease, as well. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates among women, however, continue to rise. In 1986 lung cancer became the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Increased use and improved techniques of cancer detection for prostate, breast and colorectal cancers are resulting in larger numbers of these cancers being detected at early stages when they are more readily treatable. It is hoped that such activities will ultimately reduce mortality for these three major cancer sites.
TL;DR: The ACS has acknowledged the magnitude and severity of the cancer pain problem nationally and recognized that cancer pain can be relieved and devised programs that emphasize the importance of pain assessment, recognize the availability of pain relief programs, and encourage treatment to achieve optimum pain relief for the cancer patient.
Abstract: In summary, the ACS has acknowledged the magnitude and severity of the cancer pain problem nationally and recognized that cancer pain can be relieved. It has identified cancer pain control as a priority and has devised programs that emphasize the importance of pain assessment, recognize the availability of pain relief programs, and encourage treatment to achieve optimum pain relief for the cancer patient.
TL;DR: Prostate cancer meets almost all the criteria for screening and can be assessed according to the World Health Organization's established criteria.
Abstract: Early detection of prostate cancer has produced distinct stage migration of prostate cancer to earlier, more curable disease through optimized combined use of digital rectal exam (DRE), transrectal ultrasound, and prostate specific antigen (PSA). Currently available and emerging data can be assessed according to the World Health Organization's established criteria. As a significant public health problem, prostate cancer meets almost all the criteria for screening. While concerns about incomplete natural history, progression rates, and the need for better prognostic factors are valid, important social and public health issues also need to be considered
TL;DR: Each project has demonstrated that by using a multifunction, multisite cancer control model with an action theory that integrates individual and structural influences, many barriers to screening and follow-up can be minimized.
TL;DR: The glimpse from inside the circle of poverty (statements from the hearings) provides an opportunity to better understand the problems faced by the poor in accessing health care and to better recommend strategies for effecting a positive change.
TL;DR: Mr. Garfinkel, the former Vice President for Epidemiology and Statistics and Director of Cancer Prevention for the American Cancer Society, provides his insight to evaluate the trends that illustrate how much has already been accomplished in cancer control.
Abstract: Since 1967, the January/February issue of CA has contained a cancer statistics article with data prepared by the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Statistics. Mr. Garfinkel, the former Vice President for Epidemiology and Statistics and Director of Cancer Prevention for the American Cancer Society, provides his insight to evaluate the trends that illustrate how much has already been accomplished in cancer control.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Data suggest that mammography providers, as well as the women they serve, could benefit from interventions to encourage annual mammograms.
Abstract: Data were collected at multiple mammography facilities to determine the use of inreach strategies for asymptomatic women age 50 and older and the annual return rates for screening by this age group. Interviews with 26 facility managers indicated that the majority use a reminder strategy. Using chart audits in a subset (n = 10) of the facilities of 475 randomly-selected patients, the return rate in 1991 (of patients seen in 1990) averaged 41% within 18 months after the 1990 appointment. Those data suggest that mammography providers, as well as the women they serve, could benefit from interventions to encourage annual mammograms.
TL;DR: Given the dose-distribution advantages of this technique and its simple adaptation to accommodate unusual surgical scars or cancer recurrences, its use should be considered for postmastectomy patients with locally advanced breast cancer in well-equiped cancer treatment centers.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The grading and staging of prostate cancer has been an international obsession for urologists and pathologists for some time and the TNM staging system appears currently to be settled to the satisfaction of most, however, the utilisation of theTNM system remains poor in some areas, especially in the United States.
Abstract: The grading and staging of prostate cancer has been an international obsession for urologists and pathologists for some time. After considerable and appropriate discussion in 1992, the TNM staging system for prostate cancer appears currently to be settled to the satisfaction of most (Table 1). As will be reported and described later in this review, however, the utilisation of the TNM system remains poor in some areas, especially in the United States.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Clinical and insurance status data on testis cancer patients treated at 85 hospitals in the State of Illinois between January, 1982 and December, 1988 revealed that advanced stage, failure to use chemotherapy, under-insurance and symptom duration of greater than three months were adverse factors.
Abstract: The American Cancer Society, Illinois division, collected clinical and insurance status data (staging, treatment, and survival) on 1142 testis cancer patients treated at 85 hospitals in the State of Illinois between January, 1982 and December, 1988. The clinical data are consistent with other large series whereas the insurance status data are unique. Patients were classified as underinsured (N=114) if they had Medicare, Medicaid or no method of payment. Other patients were classified as insured (N=897), or insurance status unknown (N=131). Among 500 non-seminoma patients a univariate prognostic factor analysis revealed that advanced stage, failure to use chemotherapy, under-insurance and symptom duration of greater than three months were adverse factors. Using the Cox proportional hazards method, advanced stage (P radiation therapy (P